{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045756608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","title":"Leaf Image Recognition Based on Bag of Features","display_name":"Leaf Image Recognition Based on Bag of Features","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045756608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","mag":"3045756608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10155177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/15/5177/pdf?version=1595925179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/15/5177/pdf?version=1595925179","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077295889","display_name":"Yaonan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-9006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-9006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaonan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-9006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089220020","display_name":"Jing Hui Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-3696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-3696","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3875-417X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101671584","display_name":"Zhaobin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7059-9907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7059-9907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaobin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047629443","display_name":"Jianfang Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4221-6351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4221-6351"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfang Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067011071","display_name":"Yufang Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2600-2517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2600-2517"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufang Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2600-2517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101671584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I76214153"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"fwci":2.7222,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91079527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"15","first_page":"5177","last_page":"5177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-identification","display_name":"plant identification","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-image-classification","display_name":"leaf image classification","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-visual-words","display_name":"bag of visual words","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texture-feature-extraction","display_name":"texture feature extraction","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-feature-extraction","display_name":"shape feature extraction","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"linear discriminant analysis","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"dimensionality reduction","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.8700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7536541819572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7284284830093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6599406003952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6243353486061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5897752046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5249621272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4482661187648773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4433038532733917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4365352392196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.41859734058380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4154008626937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10155177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/15/5177/pdf?version=1595925179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:/ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/442304","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/442304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/429843","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/429843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/436834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/436834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c427105d979844679f2003e687098362","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c427105d979844679f2003e687098362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 10, Iss 15, p 5177 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app10155177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/15/5177/pdf?version=1595925179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4588036837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XXH13506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5814556010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61201421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G845935914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XXH13506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8869986874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013M532097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045756608.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045756608.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121282825","https://openalex.org/W297895949","https://openalex.org/W645748567","https://openalex.org/W1495885386","https://openalex.org/W1615787874","https://openalex.org/W1858660163","https://openalex.org/W1870444468","https://openalex.org/W1968896562","https://openalex.org/W1985809919","https://openalex.org/W1987027478","https://openalex.org/W2012093028","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2052693078","https://openalex.org/W2056609665","https://openalex.org/W2060287676","https://openalex.org/W2064653431","https://openalex.org/W2077991880","https://openalex.org/W2078100079","https://openalex.org/W2081072138","https://openalex.org/W2095152088","https://openalex.org/W2096038174","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2120911695","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163810466","https://openalex.org/W2165414070","https://openalex.org/W2213241010","https://openalex.org/W2294272738","https://openalex.org/W2493157521","https://openalex.org/W2497908278","https://openalex.org/W2507360217","https://openalex.org/W2514762989","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2539712325","https://openalex.org/W2544047953","https://openalex.org/W2555477309","https://openalex.org/W2620879480","https://openalex.org/W2625018719","https://openalex.org/W2779735311","https://openalex.org/W2788222560","https://openalex.org/W2790299291","https://openalex.org/W2808846707","https://openalex.org/W2879596577","https://openalex.org/W2890270187","https://openalex.org/W2893113758","https://openalex.org/W2900772371","https://openalex.org/W2905712933","https://openalex.org/W2909139008","https://openalex.org/W2909498127","https://openalex.org/W2912759019","https://openalex.org/W2923197083","https://openalex.org/W2943526970","https://openalex.org/W2943973036","https://openalex.org/W2944962432","https://openalex.org/W2950768795","https://openalex.org/W2980432044","https://openalex.org/W6605052496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379498001","https://openalex.org/W2365704816","https://openalex.org/W2904111269","https://openalex.org/W2986167499","https://openalex.org/W1915699021","https://openalex.org/W2364629397","https://openalex.org/W2256962402","https://openalex.org/W3198817290","https://openalex.org/W2381549932","https://openalex.org/W2978383926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Plants":[0],"are":[1,161],"ubiquitous":[2],"in":[3,75,102],"human":[4],"life.":[5],"Recognizing":[6],"an":[7],"unknown":[8],"plant":[9,31],"by":[10,120,165],"its":[11],"leaf":[12,96,104,182],"image":[13,26,35,76,80,105],"quickly":[14],"is":[15,44,93,109,133],"a":[16,69,85,113,121,124,166],"very":[17],"interesting":[18],"and":[19,28,60,90,140,153,172],"challenging":[20],"research.":[21],"With":[22],"the":[23,47,117,155,173],"development":[24],"of":[25,41,46,130],"processing":[27,36,77],"pattern":[29],"recognition,":[30],"recognition":[32],"based":[33,87],"on":[34,88,116,179],"has":[37,54,67],"become":[38],"possible.":[39],"Bag":[40],"features":[42,74,160],"(BOF)":[43],"one":[45],"most":[48],"powerful":[49],"models":[50],"for":[51,57,72,95,135,149,163],"classification,":[52],"which":[53],"been":[55],"used":[56,134,162],"many":[58,103],"projects":[59],"studies.":[61],"Dual-output":[62],"pulse-coupled":[63],"neural":[64],"network":[65],"(DPCNN)":[66],"shown":[68],"good":[70],"ability":[71],"texture":[73],"such":[78],"as":[79],"segmentation.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"method":[86,125,175],"BOF":[89],"DPCNN":[91],"(BOF_DP)":[92],"proposed":[94,174],"classification.":[97],"BOF_DP":[98,139],"achieved":[99],"satisfactory":[100,114],"results":[101],"datasets.":[106],"As":[107],"it":[108],"hard":[110],"to":[111],"get":[112],"effect":[115],"large":[118],"dataset":[119],"single":[122],"feature,":[123],"(BOF_SC)":[126],"improved":[127],"from":[128],"bag":[129],"contour":[131],"fragments":[132],"shape":[136],"feature":[137,151,156],"extraction.":[138],"LDA":[141],"(linear":[142],"discriminant":[143],"analysis)":[144],"algorithms":[145],"are,":[146],"respectively,":[147],"employed":[148],"textual":[150],"extraction":[152],"reducing":[154],"dimensionality.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"both":[159],"classification":[164],"linear":[167],"support":[168],"vector":[169],"machine":[170],"(SVM),":[171],"obtained":[176],"higher":[177],"accuracy":[178],"several":[180],"typical":[181],"datasets":[183],"than":[184],"existing":[185],"methods.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-08-03T00:00:00"}