{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045456950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","title":"Competitive Agents and Adaptive Difficulty Within Educational Video Games","display_name":"Competitive Agents and Adaptive Difficulty Within Educational Video Games","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045456950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","mag":"3045456950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084915721","display_name":"Steve Nebel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-8140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-8140"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steve Nebel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000935438","display_name":"Maik Beege","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-3174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-3174"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maik Beege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027067459","display_name":"Sascha Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4690-3777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4690-3777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001896504","display_name":"G\u00fcnter Daniel Rey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-8478","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-8478"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcnter Daniel Rey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Institute of Media Research, Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084915721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"apc_paid":{"value":956,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1031},"fwci":4.8769,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94756749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-video-games","display_name":"educational video games","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-agents","display_name":"competitive agents","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-difficulty","display_name":"adaptive difficulty","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-competition","display_name":"social competition","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaderboards","display_name":"leaderboards","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-games","display_name":"game-based learning","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-performance","display_name":"learning performance","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/play-behavior","display_name":"play behavior","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shame","display_name":"shame","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"empathy","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engagement","display_name":"engagement","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-strain","display_name":"psychological strain","score":0.8920000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.7010325193405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6371297836303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.5910378694534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5640696287155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781283010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152282","display_name":"Shame","level":2,"score":0.5632205605506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5246308445930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4465404450893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4454089105129242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86772948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413287","display_name":"Social skills","level":2,"score":0.43433454632759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.42646855115890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.4192996025085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68784500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570691","display_name":"Adaptive behavior","level":2,"score":0.4183666706085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37146878242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.365113765001297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3459828495979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.11515125632286072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.09855148196220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:09a2b8f4541b4aafa1984345bf73c389","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/09a2b8f4541b4aafa1984345bf73c389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education, Vol 5 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2020.00129/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311034","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045456950.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045456950.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W298135510","https://openalex.org/W982156386","https://openalex.org/W1511827303","https://openalex.org/W1558958074","https://openalex.org/W1591124109","https://openalex.org/W1597184473","https://openalex.org/W1602862533","https://openalex.org/W1830432267","https://openalex.org/W1857157766","https://openalex.org/W1897788307","https://openalex.org/W1973790782","https://openalex.org/W1978239142","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1997475706","https://openalex.org/W2002976116","https://openalex.org/W2013292140","https://openalex.org/W2013477750","https://openalex.org/W2024771495","https://openalex.org/W2027716222","https://openalex.org/W2039168272","https://openalex.org/W2044910121","https://openalex.org/W2045948237","https://openalex.org/W2052097980","https://openalex.org/W2060276836","https://openalex.org/W2060392407","https://openalex.org/W2063581074","https://openalex.org/W2064749740","https://openalex.org/W2069897595","https://openalex.org/W2078951341","https://openalex.org/W2082498363","https://openalex.org/W2083606661","https://openalex.org/W2090504518","https://openalex.org/W2092766218","https://openalex.org/W2094600823","https://openalex.org/W2099460238","https://openalex.org/W2100242321","https://openalex.org/W2100855956","https://openalex.org/W2103388531","https://openalex.org/W2106063457","https://openalex.org/W2113029148","https://openalex.org/W2118604388","https://openalex.org/W2121045458","https://openalex.org/W2121637595","https://openalex.org/W2125614768","https://openalex.org/W2134049139","https://openalex.org/W2135917740","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2156694694","https://openalex.org/W2157300266","https://openalex.org/W2160685358","https://openalex.org/W2169357740","https://openalex.org/W2211069567","https://openalex.org/W2220806023","https://openalex.org/W2255568521","https://openalex.org/W2313678225","https://openalex.org/W2323108177","https://openalex.org/W2327320453","https://openalex.org/W2337727604","https://openalex.org/W2479485957","https://openalex.org/W2507410359","https://openalex.org/W2544780955","https://openalex.org/W2557981267","https://openalex.org/W2563863798","https://openalex.org/W2585343264","https://openalex.org/W2588417537","https://openalex.org/W2592325070","https://openalex.org/W2593406941","https://openalex.org/W2595689481","https://openalex.org/W2607428467","https://openalex.org/W2607527491","https://openalex.org/W2607892922","https://openalex.org/W2610150241","https://openalex.org/W2610299095","https://openalex.org/W2610969520","https://openalex.org/W2613059487","https://openalex.org/W2617619553","https://openalex.org/W2619016607","https://openalex.org/W2795829196","https://openalex.org/W2800397035","https://openalex.org/W2810994710","https://openalex.org/W2913530030","https://openalex.org/W2917077727","https://openalex.org/W2988768751","https://openalex.org/W3098349105","https://openalex.org/W4230037199","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392247665","https://openalex.org/W1857157766","https://openalex.org/W3081043640","https://openalex.org/W7098877618","https://openalex.org/W3113639370","https://openalex.org/W2793825216","https://openalex.org/W6922591356","https://openalex.org/W2619016607","https://openalex.org/W4295015832","https://openalex.org/W2688509304"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116,145],"entity":[1],"players":[2],"compete":[3],"with":[4,49,69],"is":[5,16],"an":[6,50,59,70,86,93],"important":[7],"element":[8,15],"of":[9,66,100,113,118,128,151,186,196],"competitive":[10,82,88,160],"mechanisms.":[11],"However,":[12],"this":[13],"crucial":[14],"barely":[17],"investigated":[18],"within":[19,106,199],"educational":[20,24,201],"video":[21,202],"games,":[22],"as":[23,47],"psychology":[25],"research":[26],"focuses":[27],"mainly":[28],"on":[29,42,72,131,169],"supportive":[30],"role":[31],"models":[32],"(e.g.,":[33],"pedagogical":[34],"agents,":[35],"intelligent":[36],"tutorial":[37],"systems).":[38],"Nevertheless,":[39],"the":[40,54,111,119,180,183,193],"influence":[41],"learning":[43,56,132],"must":[44],"be":[45,143],"explored,":[46],"interaction":[48],"opponent":[51],"might":[52],"accompany":[53],"whole":[55],"process.":[57],"Thus,":[58],"experiment":[60],"was":[61],"conducted":[62],"comparing":[63],"three":[64],"forms":[65],"social":[67,175,197],"competition":[68,198],"emphasis":[71],"external":[73],"valid":[74],"applications.":[75],"More":[76],"specifically,":[77],"playing":[78,84,91],"against":[79,85,92],"a":[80,125,137,148],"human":[81],"agent,":[83,89],"artificial":[87,94,114],"and":[90,134,155,190],"leaderboard":[95],"were":[96,104],"compared.":[97],"Additionally,":[98],"methods":[99],"adaptive":[101,129,187],"difficulty":[102],"adjustment":[103],"included":[105],"these":[107],"groups":[108],"to":[109],"harness":[110],"potential":[112,181],"systems.":[115],"results":[117,178],"study":[120],"(N":[121],"=":[122],"102)":[123],"revealed":[124,165],"beneficial":[126],"effect":[127],"mechanisms":[130],"performance":[133],"efficiency.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"difference":[138],"in":[139],"play":[140],"behavior":[141],"could":[142],"observed.":[144],"participants":[146],"reported":[147],"lowered":[149],"feeling":[150],"shame,":[152],"increased":[153],"empathy,":[154],"behavioral":[156],"engagement":[157],"when":[158],"facing":[159],"agents.":[161],"In":[162],"contrast,":[163],"calculations":[164],"no":[166],"significant":[167],"impact":[168],"mental":[170],"strains":[171],"by":[172],"potentially":[173],"demanding":[174],"competitors.":[176],"These":[177],"highlight":[179],"for":[182],"future":[184],"development":[185],"game":[188],"systems":[189],"help":[191],"choose":[192],"optimal":[194],"implementation":[195],"different":[200],"games.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-07-29T00:00:00"}