{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3043859599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","title":"Reducing Carbohydrate from Individual Sources Has Differential Effects on Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Moderate Low-Carbohydrate Diets","display_name":"Reducing Carbohydrate from Individual Sources Has Differential Effects on Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Moderate Low-Carbohydrate Diets","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3043859599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","mag":"3043859599","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32794380","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8164948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","pdf_url":"https://www.e-dmj.org/upload/pdf/dmj-2020-0033.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737757294","display_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal","issn_l":"2233-6079","issn":["2233-6079","2233-6087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","kci-registered","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319494","host_organization_name":"Korean Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319494"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.e-dmj.org/upload/pdf/dmj-2020-0033.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079456291","display_name":"Hajime Haimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-9104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-9104"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hajime Haimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-9104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086239053","display_name":"Shiho Watanabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-8495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-8495"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiho Watanabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Clinical Nutrition, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Clinical Nutrition, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084749031","display_name":"Keiko Maeda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-0476","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-0476"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87572379","display_name":"Aichi Shukutoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z9wtp09","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87572379"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiko Maeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87572379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103097920","display_name":"Takashi Murase","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-217X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-217X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Murase","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Libra Sasashima Medical Clinic, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Libra Sasashima Medical Clinic, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022967320","display_name":"Kenji Wakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-7157","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-7157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenji Wakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079456291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":500},"apc_paid":{"value":500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":500},"fwci":0.4513,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56032572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"3","first_page":"390","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12267","display_name":"Diet and metabolism studies","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12267","display_name":"Diet and metabolism studies","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12745","display_name":"Dietary Effects on Health","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-carbohydrate-diet","display_name":"low-carbohydrate diet","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-drinks","display_name":"soft drinks","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confectionery","display_name":"confectionery","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice","display_name":"rice","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bread","display_name":"bread","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-records","display_name":"dietary records","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-pharmacological-treatment","display_name":"non-pharmacological treatment","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-load","display_name":"glycemic load","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-index","display_name":"glycemic index","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778977261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358","display_name":"Carbohydrate","level":2,"score":0.92378169298172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43041","display_name":"Hemoglobin","level":2,"score":0.5559706687927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5207638740539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.4958363473415375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48761382699012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.34858494997024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.23588687181472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.1778462827205658}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001939","descriptor_name":"Bread","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004040","descriptor_name":"Dietary Carbohydrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050528","descriptor_name":"Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","pdf_url":"https://www.e-dmj.org/upload/pdf/dmj-2020-0033.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737757294","display_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal","issn_l":"2233-6079","issn":["2233-6079","2233-6087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","kci-registered","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319494","host_organization_name":"Korean Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319494"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32794380","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32794380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes & metabolism journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8164948","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8164948/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Metab J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a72291849374237b1b76a0ea37740c7","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a72291849374237b1b76a0ea37740c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, Vol 45, Iss 3, Pp 390-403 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0033","pdf_url":"https://www.e-dmj.org/upload/pdf/dmj-2020-0033.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737757294","display_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal","issn_l":"2233-6079","issn":["2233-6079","2233-6087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","kci-registered","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319494","host_organization_name":"Korean Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319494"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes & Metabolism Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043859599.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043859599.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1848142616","https://openalex.org/W1948551614","https://openalex.org/W1994927848","https://openalex.org/W1998092934","https://openalex.org/W2000726067","https://openalex.org/W2010864172","https://openalex.org/W2032853942","https://openalex.org/W2039985703","https://openalex.org/W2047735828","https://openalex.org/W2053999166","https://openalex.org/W2099244083","https://openalex.org/W2113189950","https://openalex.org/W2126437067","https://openalex.org/W2149839409","https://openalex.org/W2155700420","https://openalex.org/W2156287469","https://openalex.org/W2164418602","https://openalex.org/W2169448532","https://openalex.org/W2233278391","https://openalex.org/W2265098671","https://openalex.org/W2533256706","https://openalex.org/W2589779601","https://openalex.org/W2773056470","https://openalex.org/W2792911384","https://openalex.org/W2793646086","https://openalex.org/W2900796666","https://openalex.org/W4230771000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2793646086","https://openalex.org/W2169448532","https://openalex.org/W3217420256","https://openalex.org/W4307574588","https://openalex.org/W2589779601","https://openalex.org/W2135769210","https://openalex.org/W2347052343","https://openalex.org/W4281631396","https://openalex.org/W4226082808","https://openalex.org/W2884805364"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"We":[1,22],"evaluated":[2],"decreases":[3,147],"in":[4,15,43,62,80,84,92,97,124,138,148,174,188,193,207],"glycosylated":[5],"hemoglobin":[6],"(HbA1c)":[7],"achieved":[8,146,209],"by":[9,143,210],"reducing":[10,211],"carbohydrate":[11,44,88,107,128,141,194,212],"from":[12,49,110,132,195,203,213],"various":[13],"sources":[14,45,142,197],"type":[16],"2":[17],"diabetes":[18],"mellitus":[19],"patients.":[20],"Methods:":[21],"followed":[23],"up":[24],"138":[25],"male":[26],"and":[27,55,58,72,82,94,126,130,135,170,176,184,218],"107":[28],"female":[29],"outpatients":[30],"on":[31],"a":[32],"moderate":[33],"low-carbohydrate":[34],"diet":[35],"without":[36],"diabetic":[37],"medication":[38],"for":[39,105,152,156,160,163,166,172,178,182,186,229],"6":[40,56],"months.":[41],"Changes":[42],"(\u0394carbohydrate)":[46],"were":[47,65,103,198,222],"assessed":[48],"3-day":[50],"dietary":[51],"records":[52],"at":[53],"baseline":[54],"months,":[57],"associations":[59,100],"with":[60,67,101],"changes":[61],"HbA1c":[63,149,208,238],"(\u0394HbA1c)":[64],"examined":[66],"Spearman's":[68],"correlation":[69],"coefficients":[70],"(rs)":[71],"multiple":[73],"regression":[74],"analysis.":[75],"Results:":[76],"\u0394HbA1c":[77,102],"was":[78,89],"-1.5%\u00b11.6%":[79],"men":[81,93,175],"-0.9%\u00b11.3%":[83],"women,":[85,189],"while":[86],"\u0394total":[87,106,127],"-115.3\u00b1103.7":[90],"g/day":[91,96],"-63.6\u00b171.1":[95],"women.":[98,139],"Positive":[99],"found":[104],"(rs=0.584),":[108],"\u0394carbohydrate":[109,131],"soft":[111,157,214],"drinks":[112],"(0.368),":[113],"confectionery":[114,136,183],"(0.361),":[115],"rice":[116,133,173,187],"(0.325),":[117],"bread":[118,217],"(0.221),":[119],"Chinese":[120,167,219],"soup":[121,168,220],"noodles":[122,169,221],"(0.199)":[123],"men,":[125],"(0.547)":[129],"(0.376)":[134],"(0.195)":[137],"Reducing":[140],"50":[144],"g":[145],"of":[150],"0.43%":[151],"total":[153,179],"carbohydrate,":[154,180],"1.33%":[155],"drinks,":[158,215],"0.88%":[159],"confectionery,":[161,216],"0.63%":[162],"bread,":[164],"0.82%":[165],"0.34%":[171,185],"0.45%":[177],"0.67%":[181],"although":[190],"mean":[191],"reductions":[192],"these":[196],"much":[199],"smaller":[200],"than":[201,227],"that":[202,228],"rice.":[204,230],"Conclusion:":[205],"Decreases":[206],"2-":[223],"to":[224,236],"4-fold":[225],"greater":[226],"Our":[231],"results":[232],"will":[233],"enable":[234],"patients":[235],"decrease":[237],"efficiently":[239],"(UMIN000009866).":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-07-29T00:00:00"}