{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3043576281","doi":null,"title":"Algorithmic Opacity, Private Accountability, and Corporate Social Disclosure in the Age of Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Algorithmic Opacity, Private Accountability, and Corporate Social Disclosure in the Age of Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3043576281","mag":"3043576281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3125969134","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3582222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3582222","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003850640","display_name":"Sylvia Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87354575","display_name":"National Chengchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rqk8h36","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87354575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sylvia Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003850640"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87354575","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"99","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.573199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.573199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.20200000703334808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-opacity","display_name":"algorithmic opacity","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-social-responsibility-disclosure","display_name":"corporate social responsibility disclosure","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-algorithms","display_name":"machine learning algorithms","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-secret-protection","display_name":"trade secret protection","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-information-needs","display_name":"stakeholder information needs","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability-reporting","display_name":"sustainability reporting","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-norms","display_name":"democratic norms","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-harms","display_name":"algorithmic harms","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-markets","display_name":"capital markets","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property-law","display_name":"intellectual property law","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disclosure-principle","display_name":"disclosure principle","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-incidents","display_name":"AI incidents","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6781560778617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.5406877398490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.47631964087486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.41988813877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.40637487173080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3813633322715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.352201372385025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.284740686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18909212946891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1774432361125946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17675262689590454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3125969134","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3582222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3043576281","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=jetlaw","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534043","display_name":"Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law","issn_l":"1942-6771","issn":["1942-6771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3125969134","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3582222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133633825","https://openalex.org/W3178540955","https://openalex.org/W3174946900","https://openalex.org/W4412495075","https://openalex.org/W7167035833","https://openalex.org/W2767837247","https://openalex.org/W4409052614","https://openalex.org/W6962404486","https://openalex.org/W2756890761","https://openalex.org/W3174008715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"firms":[1,110,175,280],"develop":[2],"machine":[3,226],"learning":[4,227],"algorithms":[5,31,74,159,228,276,309,354],"in":[6,113,147,178,220,233,236,275,336,355,401,450,455,483],"nearly":[7],"every":[8],"industry":[9],"to":[10,56,62,95,111,130,140,212,262,281,344,423,475],"control":[11],"human":[12],"decisions,":[13],"creating":[14],"a":[15,153,376,445,461],"structural":[16],"tension":[17],"between":[18,98,447],"commercial":[19],"opacity":[20,100,127,323],"and":[21,35,42,59,71,78,101,174,216,245,301,328,367,397,419,435,452,467,479],"democratic":[22,53,102,295,448],"transparency.":[23],"In":[24,152],"many":[25,237],"forms":[26],"of":[27,52,73,92,125,134,145,150,155,164,181,253,266,272,321,339,349,363,389,394,403,463,469],"business":[28],"applications,":[29],"advanced":[30,158,225,353,390],"are":[32,75,303,324],"technically":[33],"complicated":[34],"privately":[36],"owned,":[37],"hiding":[38],"from":[39,88],"legal":[40],"regimes":[41],"preventing":[43],"public":[44,89,173,218],"scrutiny,":[45],"although":[46,317],"they":[47,83],"may":[48],"demonstrate":[49],"their":[50,117],"erosion":[51],"norms,":[54],"damages":[55],"financial":[57,241],"gains,":[58],"extending":[60],"harms":[61],"stakeholders":[63,146,351],"without":[64],"warning.":[65],"Nevertheless,":[66],"because":[67],"the":[68,93,122,131,142,148,161,172,179,182,186,193,250,255,264,270,318,332,337,346,350,361,364,386,464,471,484],"inner":[69],"workings":[70],"applications":[72],"generally":[76],"incomprehensible":[77],"protected":[79],"as":[80,160,222,285,298],"trade":[81,273],"secrets,":[82],"can":[84,313,442],"be":[85,210],"completely":[86],"shielded":[87],"surveillance.":[90],"One":[91],"solutions":[94],"this":[96,200,358,373,408],"conflict":[97],"algorithmic":[99,126,198,204,267,322,426],"transparency":[103,451],"is":[104,128],"an":[105],"effective":[106],"mechanism":[107],"that":[108,121,138,203,310,384],"incentivizes":[109],"engage":[112],"information":[114],"disclosure":[115,136,188,205,334,371,378,413,417,473],"for":[116,171,279,292,352,380],"algorithms.\r\n\r\nThis":[118],"Article":[119,201,374,458],"argues":[120,202],"pressing":[123],"problem":[124],"due":[129],"regulatory":[132,398],"void":[133],"US":[135,365],"regulations":[137],"fail":[139],"consider":[141,345],"informational":[143,194,347],"needs":[144,195,348],"age":[149],"AI.":[151],"world":[154],"privately-owned":[156],"algorithms,":[157,254,391],"primary":[162],"source":[163],"decision-making":[165],"power":[166],"have":[167,229],"produced":[168],"various":[169],"perils":[170,320],"themselves,":[176],"particularly":[177,257],"context":[180,338],"capital":[183],"market.":[184],"While":[185],"current":[187,333],"framework":[189,335,379,474],"has":[190,289],"not":[191],"considered":[192],"associated":[196],"with":[197,460],"opacity,":[199,427],"under":[206],"securities":[207,341],"law":[208],"could":[209],"used":[211],"promote":[213,476],"private":[214,453,477],"accountability":[215,478],"further":[217],"interest":[219],"sustainability.\r\n\r\nFirst,":[221],"I":[223,286,410,440],"discuss,":[224],"been":[230],"widely":[231],"applied":[232],"AI":[234,356,382,395,405,485],"systems":[235,383,400],"critical":[238],"industries,":[239],"including":[240,428],"services,":[242,244],"medical":[243],"transportation":[246],"services.":[247],"Second,":[248],"despite":[249],"growing":[251],"pervasiveness":[252],"laws,":[256,260],"intellectual":[258],"property":[259],"continue":[261],"encourage":[263],"existence":[265],"opacity.":[268,456],"Although":[269],"protection":[271],"secrecy":[274],"seems":[277],"beneficial":[278],"create":[282],"competitive":[283],"advantage,":[284],"examine,":[287],"it":[288],"proven":[290],"deleterious":[291],"society,":[293],"where":[294],"norms":[296],"such":[297],"privacy,":[299],"equality,":[300],"safety":[302],"now":[304],"being":[305],"compromised":[306],"by":[307],"invisible":[308],"no":[311],"one":[312],"ever":[314],"scrutinize.":[315],"Third,":[316],"emerging":[319],"much":[325],"more":[326],"catastrophic":[327],"messier":[329],"than":[330],"before,":[331],"corporate":[340,480],"laws":[342],"fails":[343],"systems.\r\n\r\nIn":[357],"vein,":[359],"through":[360],"lens":[362],"Securities":[366],"Exchange":[368],"Commission":[369],"(SEC)":[370],"framework,":[372],"proposes":[375],"new":[377,421,472],"machine-learning-algorithm-based":[381],"considers":[385],"technical":[387],"traits":[388],"potential":[392],"dangers":[393],"systems,":[396],"governance":[399],"light":[402],"increasing":[404],"incidents.":[406],"Towards":[407],"goal,":[409],"discuss":[411],"numerous":[412],"topics,":[414],"analyze":[415],"key":[416],"reports,":[418],"propose":[420],"principles":[422],"help":[424],"reduce":[425],"stakeholder":[429],"consideration,":[430,432],"sustainability":[431],"comprehensible":[433],"disclosure,":[434,438],"minimum":[436],"necessary":[437],"which":[439],"argue":[441],"ultimately":[443],"strike":[444],"balance":[446],"values":[449],"interests":[454],"This":[457],"concludes":[459],"discussion":[462],"impacts,":[465],"limitations,":[466],"possibilities":[468],"using":[470],"social":[481],"responsibility":[482],"era.":[486]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-07-23T00:00:00"}