{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042020709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","title":"Sustainable Approach for Linz\u2010Donawitz Slag Waste as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete: Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Properties","display_name":"Sustainable Approach for Linz\u2010Donawitz Slag Waste as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete: Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Properties","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042020709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","mag":"3042020709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/5691261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2020/5691261.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86499044","display_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"1687-8086","issn":["1687-8086","1687-8094"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2020/5691261.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075027593","display_name":"Richa Palod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-010X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-010X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richa Palod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India nita.ac.in","Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-010X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India nita.ac.in","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021605235","display_name":"Shirish V. Deo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-2082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-2082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. V. Deo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India nita.ac.in","Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India nita.ac.in","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077747708","display_name":"Gangadhar Ramtekkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-4480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-4480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. D. Ramtekkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India nita.ac.in","Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India nita.ac.in","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075027593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"],"apc_list":{"value":2760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2760},"apc_paid":{"value":2760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2760},"fwci":1.8994,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83713758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.026900000870227814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11847","display_name":"Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linz-donawitz-slag","display_name":"Linz-Donawitz slag","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-slag","display_name":"steel slag","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-cement-replacement","display_name":"partial cement replacement","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slag-concrete","display_name":"slag concrete","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-strength","display_name":"flexural strength","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-microstructure","display_name":"concrete microstructure","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydration-products","display_name":"hydration products","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-silicate-hydrate","display_name":"calcium silicate hydrate","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-aluminosilicate-hydrate","display_name":"calcium aluminosilicate hydrate","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ettringite","display_name":"ettringite","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistivity","display_name":"electrical resistivity","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbonation-resistance","display_name":"carbonation resistance","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-durability","display_name":"concrete durability","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-construction-materials","display_name":"sustainable construction materials","score":0.7829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8024806976318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120809312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2139722","display_name":"Carbonation","level":2,"score":0.7649644613265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.7633053064346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33819350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353009","display_name":"Ground granulated blast-furnace slag","level":3,"score":0.7609380483627319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.7438592910766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159048435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783","display_name":"Slag (welding)","level":2,"score":0.6809879541397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.6526846885681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776052592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420287","display_name":"Ettringite","level":4,"score":0.6215676069259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779850335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3791889","display_name":"Calcium silicate hydrate","level":3,"score":0.597091794013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.5675230622291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.5326352119445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178405089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857201","display_name":"Flexural strength","level":2,"score":0.5270543098449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777409741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1103434","display_name":"Calcium aluminosilicate","level":4,"score":0.45143067836761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3803381323814392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85704489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429979","display_name":"Aluminosilicate","level":3,"score":0.3115072548389435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.2687338888645172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/5691261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2020/5691261.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86499044","display_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"1687-8086","issn":["1687-8086","1687-8094"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76c4a8bcde624ada84e5adf264494125","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76c4a8bcde624ada84e5adf264494125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/5691261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5691261","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2020/5691261.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86499044","display_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"1687-8086","issn":["1687-8086","1687-8094"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318540","display_name":"National Institute of Technology, Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042020709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042020709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964517172","https://openalex.org/W1967681307","https://openalex.org/W1974500988","https://openalex.org/W1985399327","https://openalex.org/W1991554788","https://openalex.org/W1992893144","https://openalex.org/W2002621265","https://openalex.org/W2005329573","https://openalex.org/W2018699319","https://openalex.org/W2032646407","https://openalex.org/W2036535598","https://openalex.org/W2038502632","https://openalex.org/W2042648208","https://openalex.org/W2051177990","https://openalex.org/W2056409887","https://openalex.org/W2056444089","https://openalex.org/W2057089068","https://openalex.org/W2057954153","https://openalex.org/W2063497531","https://openalex.org/W2081179685","https://openalex.org/W2092735633","https://openalex.org/W2489743440","https://openalex.org/W2582010377","https://openalex.org/W2903992968","https://openalex.org/W2911447392","https://openalex.org/W2943633141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296631411","https://openalex.org/W4385370193","https://openalex.org/W4387303384","https://openalex.org/W7172273082","https://openalex.org/W7212010359","https://openalex.org/W4323353805","https://openalex.org/W3003391149","https://openalex.org/W4409187832","https://openalex.org/W7167489188","https://openalex.org/W2588621431"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Linz\u2010Donawitz":[0],"(LD)":[1],"slag,":[2],"solid":[3],"waste":[4,184],"produced":[5],"during":[6],"steel":[7,182],"manufacture":[8],"in":[9,39,165],"basic":[10],"oxygen":[11],"furnace,":[12],"is":[13,151,157],"difficult":[14],"when":[15,149],"it":[16],"comes":[17],"to":[18,169,192],"handling":[19],"and":[20,22,57,75,99,110,128,137,188],"disposal":[21],"has":[23],"very":[24],"limited":[25],"utilization.":[26],"To":[27,43],"increase":[28],"its":[29],"reusability,":[30],"the":[31,45,72,88,171,193],"suitability":[32],"of":[33,47,59,121,179],"supplanting":[34],"cement":[35,50,123,150,168],"with":[36,51],"LD":[37,52,82,154,160],"slag":[38,53,83,161],"concrete":[40,124],"was":[41],"examined.":[42],"study":[44],"impact":[46],"partially":[48,166],"replacing":[49,167],"on":[54],"strength,":[55],"microstructure,":[56],"durability":[58,145],"concrete,":[60],"more":[61],"than":[62],"150":[63],"samples":[64],"were":[65,78,104],"cast.":[66],"The":[67,91,115,131],"test":[68],"results":[69],"reveal":[70,142],"that":[71,143,159],"highest":[73],"compressive":[74],"flexural":[76],"strengths":[77],"attained":[79],"at":[80],"20%":[81],"replacement":[84],"and,":[85],"beyond":[86],"that,":[87],"strength":[89],"decreased.":[90],"hydration":[92],"products":[93],"detected":[94],"by":[95,153],"X\u2010ray":[96],"Diffraction":[97],"(XRD)":[98],"Fourier\u2010transform":[100],"infrared":[101],"spectroscopy":[102],"(FTIR)":[103],"calcium":[105,111],"silicate":[106],"hydrate":[107,113],"(C\u2010S\u2010H),":[108],"ettringite,":[109],"aluminosilicate":[112],"(C\u2010A\u2010S\u2010H).":[114],"scanning":[116],"electron":[117],"microscope":[118],"(SEM)":[119],"images":[120],"binary":[122],"showed":[125],"denser":[126],"microstructure":[127],"lesser":[129],"voids.":[130],"sulphuric":[132],"acid":[133],"resistance,":[134],"electrical":[135],"resistivity,":[136],"carbonation":[138],"resistance":[139],"tests":[140],"done":[141],"acceptable":[144],"could":[146],"be":[147,163],"achieved":[148],"replaced":[152],"slag.":[155],"It":[156],"deduced":[158],"can":[162],"utilized":[164],"achieve":[170],"desired":[172],"strength.":[173],"This":[174],"research":[175],"gives":[176],"another":[177],"comprehension":[178],"simultaneously":[180],"managing":[181],"industry":[183],"for":[185],"sustainable":[186],"development":[187],"contributing":[189],"added":[190],"advantages":[191],"economy.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-07-16T00:00:00"}