{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3041868907","doi":null,"title":"Kakuma's Shadows: Everyday Violence in the Lives and Livelihoods of Young People Living at the Turkana-Kakuma Refugee Camp Nexus","display_name":"Kakuma's Shadows: Everyday Violence in the Lives and Livelihoods of Young People Living at the Turkana-Kakuma Refugee Camp Nexus","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3041868907","mag":"3041868907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:yorkspace.library.yorku.ca:10315/37436","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/37436","pdf_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/bitstreams/fd48213a-59bc-478b-a7d1-54176eb74c6a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400473","display_name":"YorkSpace (York University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","host_organization_name":"York University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/bitstreams/fd48213a-59bc-478b-a7d1-54176eb74c6a/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054554629","display_name":"Danielle Elizabeth Bishop","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danielle Elizabeth Bishop","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054554629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14062","display_name":"Migration and Exile Studies","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14062","display_name":"Migration and Exile Studies","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.13950000703334808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/everyday-violence","display_name":"everyday violence","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-youth","display_name":"refugee youth","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kakuma-refugee-camp","display_name":"Kakuma refugee camp","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkana","display_name":"Turkana","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-violence","display_name":"structural violence","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-mothers","display_name":"young mothers","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-employment","display_name":"informal employment","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermarriage","display_name":"intermarriage","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relocation","display_name":"relocation","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rape","display_name":"rape","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploitation","display_name":"exploitation","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-protection-policy","display_name":"child protection policy","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-capital","display_name":"social capital","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.8770262002944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.7480828166007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.7229224443435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4766826629638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3968474566936493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3844166696071625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32493579387664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29860761761665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20773157477378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.061680346727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:yorkspace.library.yorku.ca:10315/37436","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/37436","pdf_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/bitstreams/fd48213a-59bc-478b-a7d1-54176eb74c6a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400473","display_name":"YorkSpace (York University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","host_organization_name":"York University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:yorkspace.library.yorku.ca:10315/37309","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/37309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401988","display_name":"York University Digital Library (York University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","host_organization_name":"York University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:3041868907","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/37436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:yorkspace.library.yorku.ca:10315/37436","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/37436","pdf_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/bitstreams/fd48213a-59bc-478b-a7d1-54176eb74c6a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400473","display_name":"YorkSpace (York University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","host_organization_name":"York University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5676000118255615,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3041868907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3041868907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":160,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15660434","https://openalex.org/W21514708","https://openalex.org/W154857245","https://openalex.org/W170721864","https://openalex.org/W171101391","https://openalex.org/W205167300","https://openalex.org/W570875493","https://openalex.org/W577760032","https://openalex.org/W593818153","https://openalex.org/W594234832","https://openalex.org/W602523295","https://openalex.org/W617971640","https://openalex.org/W625205025","https://openalex.org/W632522684","https://openalex.org/W636271510","https://openalex.org/W650225225","https://openalex.org/W653423464","https://openalex.org/W1022430368","https://openalex.org/W1447493377","https://openalex.org/W1505864458","https://openalex.org/W1507405456","https://openalex.org/W1515008210","https://openalex.org/W1521383224","https://openalex.org/W1522698123","https://openalex.org/W1526726627","https://openalex.org/W1548634029","https://openalex.org/W1550002899","https://openalex.org/W1550281621","https://openalex.org/W1558773931","https://openalex.org/W1559400250","https://openalex.org/W1564305378","https://openalex.org/W1566125242","https://openalex.org/W1571109428","https://openalex.org/W1573111728","https://openalex.org/W1584997114","https://openalex.org/W1585529013","https://openalex.org/W1598261842","https://openalex.org/W1643809570","https://openalex.org/W1672167215","https://openalex.org/W1686119571","https://openalex.org/W1865206509","https://openalex.org/W1902864437","https://openalex.org/W1909771554","https://openalex.org/W1939041714","https://openalex.org/W1983086574","https://openalex.org/W1984942329","https://openalex.org/W1987135901","https://openalex.org/W1990420968","https://openalex.org/W1991177896","https://openalex.org/W1994234172","https://openalex.org/W2000143304","https://openalex.org/W2003879332","https://openalex.org/W2011520131","https://openalex.org/W2012412502","https://openalex.org/W2015229892","https://openalex.org/W2017275305","https://openalex.org/W2021940829","https://openalex.org/W2021980822","https://openalex.org/W2022953887","https://openalex.org/W2023416113","https://openalex.org/W2024657131","https://openalex.org/W2027581103","https://openalex.org/W2028780962","https://openalex.org/W2034077072","https://openalex.org/W2043765134","https://openalex.org/W2044551368","https://openalex.org/W2044926693","https://openalex.org/W2045130318","https://openalex.org/W2049447161","https://openalex.org/W2052545819","https://openalex.org/W2060443781","https://openalex.org/W2063049444","https://openalex.org/W2064454189","https://openalex.org/W2069206006","https://openalex.org/W2071232412","https://openalex.org/W2072483406","https://openalex.org/W2078713576","https://openalex.org/W2079839146","https://openalex.org/W2082268828","https://openalex.org/W2084117029","https://openalex.org/W2089103691","https://openalex.org/W2089489771","https://openalex.org/W2090256289","https://openalex.org/W2091255028","https://openalex.org/W2091937477","https://openalex.org/W2093097231","https://openalex.org/W2094239010","https://openalex.org/W2100451798","https://openalex.org/W2101422185","https://openalex.org/W2106710625","https://openalex.org/W2107498547","https://openalex.org/W2113698750","https://openalex.org/W2114721519","https://openalex.org/W2115067809","https://openalex.org/W2119455153","https://openalex.org/W2119472981","https://openalex.org/W2122816397","https://openalex.org/W2124132553","https://openalex.org/W2124872449","https://openalex.org/W2130690504","https://openalex.org/W2131790962","https://openalex.org/W2133202022","https://openalex.org/W2133699100","https://openalex.org/W2135379256","https://openalex.org/W2136503375","https://openalex.org/W2137940381","https://openalex.org/W2141039237","https://openalex.org/W2147149577","https://openalex.org/W2149533068","https://openalex.org/W2149553366","https://openalex.org/W2149669539","https://openalex.org/W2150139027","https://openalex.org/W2152279034","https://openalex.org/W2152289867","https://openalex.org/W2152605180","https://openalex.org/W2152709761","https://openalex.org/W2156369244","https://openalex.org/W2156509766","https://openalex.org/W2159416948","https://openalex.org/W2160803733","https://openalex.org/W2163346871","https://openalex.org/W2163538649","https://openalex.org/W2163543410","https://openalex.org/W2165830284","https://openalex.org/W2166354138","https://openalex.org/W2167396480","https://openalex.org/W2168848618","https://openalex.org/W2171536178","https://openalex.org/W2176809621","https://openalex.org/W2206610961","https://openalex.org/W2226267741","https://openalex.org/W2251394910","https://openalex.org/W2253845596","https://openalex.org/W2257093021","https://openalex.org/W2262785277","https://openalex.org/W2269102501","https://openalex.org/W2279739192","https://openalex.org/W2298688636","https://openalex.org/W2316424545","https://openalex.org/W2317397031","https://openalex.org/W2326926717","https://openalex.org/W2333088277","https://openalex.org/W2334079116","https://openalex.org/W2341838982","https://openalex.org/W2404872389","https://openalex.org/W2486243070","https://openalex.org/W2504681014","https://openalex.org/W2519616855","https://openalex.org/W2584459092","https://openalex.org/W2587712280","https://openalex.org/W2624539005","https://openalex.org/W2768320302","https://openalex.org/W2799267773","https://openalex.org/W2895608999","https://openalex.org/W2897488503","https://openalex.org/W2955999787","https://openalex.org/W3094579455","https://openalex.org/W3141795530","https://openalex.org/W4248347690","https://openalex.org/W4387488520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2425732874","https://openalex.org/W1823709271","https://openalex.org/W7221074645","https://openalex.org/W2581055428","https://openalex.org/W2783106866","https://openalex.org/W2183491410","https://openalex.org/W2916882226","https://openalex.org/W2977620296","https://openalex.org/W2223813001","https://openalex.org/W2563287167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"dissertation":[1],"is":[2],"an":[3],"ethnographic":[4],"case":[5],"study":[6,48],"of":[7,14,45,84,126,140,188,197,212,283,310,313,333],"how":[8,50,106],"everyday":[9,103],"violence":[10,39,100],"impacts":[11,332],"the":[12,42,81,113,158,168,171,175,210,226,269,301,306,323,331],"lives":[13],"refugee":[15,26,66,87],"and":[16,23,41,52,59,67,72,88,105,116,131,154,160,165,174,190,200,204,216,220,229,239,256,288,294,312,318,329],"host":[17,69,89,236],"community":[18],"young":[19,70,74,90,316],"people":[20,91],"living":[21],"in":[22,28,76,93,101,129,225,263],"around":[24],"Kakuma":[25,130,303],"camp":[27],"Turkana":[29],"County,":[30],"northwestern":[31],"Kenya.":[32],"By":[33],"engaging":[34],"with":[35,56,337],"scholarship":[36],"on":[37],"structural":[38,51],"theory":[40],"social":[43,279],"determinants":[44],"health,":[46,327],"this":[47],"demonstrates":[49,80],"political":[53],"exclusions":[54],"intersect":[55],"age,":[57],"gender":[58],"ethnicity":[60],"to":[61,96,111,156,166,180,275,285,325,340],"produce":[62],"insecurity":[63],"for":[64,73,291],"both":[65,152,292],"local":[68],"people,":[71],"mothers":[75],"particular.":[77],"It":[78],"also":[79,207],"complex":[82,186],"forms":[83,187],"exploitation":[85,189],"that":[86,119,135,184,298],"experience":[92],"their":[94,102,109,121],"efforts":[95],"protect":[97],"themselves":[98],"against":[99],"lives,":[104],"they":[107,163,223,247,261],"use":[108],"bodies":[110],"mitigate":[112],"resource,":[114],"rights":[115,159],"protection":[117,161,234],"deficits":[118,162],"shape":[120],"life":[122],"worlds.":[123],"Fourteen":[124],"months":[125],"qualitative":[127],"fieldwork":[128],"its":[132],"environs":[133],"revealed":[134],"informal":[136],"labour,":[137],"intermarriages,":[138],"practices":[139],"relocation":[141],"and,":[142],"sometimes,":[143],"rape":[144],"itself,":[145],"have":[146,178],"become":[147],"multidimensional":[148],"strategies":[149,273],"used":[150],"by":[151,194],"refugees":[153,293,317],"hosts":[155,319],"overcome":[157],"face":[164],"access":[167,284],"basic":[169],"needs":[170],"humanitarian":[172,214],"regime":[173],"nation":[176],"state":[177],"failed":[179],"provide.":[181],"I":[182,296],"argue":[183],"these":[185,272,299],"coping":[191],"are":[192,230,248,257,300,308,320,335],"forced":[193],"a":[195,245,281],"continuum":[196],"systemic":[198],"neglect":[199],"entrenched":[201],"refugee-host":[202],"co-dependency":[203],"co-survival.":[205],"They":[206],"rest":[208],"outside":[209],"purview":[211],"normative":[213],"policy":[215,314],"practice":[217],"at":[218],"global":[219],"national":[221],"levels;":[222],"operate":[224],"background":[227],"of,":[228],"unconsidered":[231],"within":[232],"child":[233],"policies,":[235,238],"inclusion":[237],"current":[240],"institutionalized":[241],"vulnerability":[242],"categories.":[243],"As":[244],"result,":[246],"normalized,":[249],"persist":[250],"unabated,":[251],"go":[252],"beyond":[253],"mere":[254],"survival,":[255],"not":[258],"temporary.":[259],"Yet,":[260],"result":[262],"only":[264],"temporary":[265],"safety":[266],"nets.":[267],"In":[268],"long":[270],"term,":[271],"lead":[274],"increased":[276],"discrimination,":[277],"lowered":[278],"capital,":[280],"lack":[282],"supportive":[286],"resources,":[287],"further":[289],"destitution":[290],"hosts.":[295],"conclude":[297],"shadows":[302,307],"casts.":[304],"Because":[305],"symptomatic":[309],"power":[311],"deficits,":[315],"systematically":[321],"denied":[322],"right":[324],"dignity,":[326],"education":[328],"well-being,":[330],"which":[334],"overlooked":[336],"grave":[338],"consequences":[339],"human":[341],"rights.":[342]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-07-16T00:00:00"}