{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3041503383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9320","title":"Explaining the Education-Health Gradient in Preventing STIs in Andean Peru: Cognitive Executive Functioning, Awareness and Health Knowledge","display_name":"Explaining the Education-Health Gradient in Preventing STIs in Andean Peru: Cognitive Executive Functioning, Awareness and Health Knowledge","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3041503383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9320","mag":"3041503383","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32701061","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7889290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1363/46e9320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189949","display_name":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health","issn_l":"1944-0391","issn":["1944-0391","1944-0405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316115","host_organization_name":"Guttmacher Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316115"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Guttmacher Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7889290","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021782387","display_name":"Ismael Gavil\u00e1n Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-2638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-2638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu\u00f1oz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate research assistant, Department of Education Policy Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, igm104@psu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate research assistant, Department of Education Policy Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, igm104@psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035715945","display_name":"David P. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-8249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-8249","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6635-3784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Departments of Sociology, Education and Demography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Departments of Sociology, Education and Demography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040147060","display_name":"Ellen M. Peters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-6169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-6169"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71700657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":null,"first_page":"113","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10327","display_name":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","score":0.76419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10327","display_name":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","score":0.76419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.14720000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.024399999529123306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexually-transmitted-infections","display_name":"sexually transmitted infections","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sti-prevention","display_name":"STD prevention","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condom-use","display_name":"condom use","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sti-awareness","display_name":"STI awareness","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-health-knowledge","display_name":"sexual health knowledge","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediating-pathways","display_name":"mediation pathways","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peruvian-andes","display_name":"Peruvian Andes","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-sexual-behavior","display_name":"adult sexual behavior","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779379456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14076","display_name":"Condom","level":4,"score":0.8406187295913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5799973011016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121752807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981388","display_name":"Reproductive health","level":3,"score":0.5758892297744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4930369555950165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113807197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60894","display_name":"Health education","level":3,"score":0.48917701840400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4487319886684418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4138370752334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134290984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241","display_name":"Cognitive skill","level":3,"score":0.4137422442436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.37164026498794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3712350130081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2893630862236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.22103017568588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.19731315970420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.11887389421463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.10601577162742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07804495096206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.06709781289100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41083","display_name":"Syphilis","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003268","descriptor_name":"Contraception Behavior","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007722","descriptor_name":"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010568","descriptor_name":"Peru","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017280","descriptor_name":"Condoms","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1363/46e9320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189949","display_name":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health","issn_l":"1944-0391","issn":["1944-0391","1944-0405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316115","host_organization_name":"Guttmacher Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316115"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Guttmacher Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32701061","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32701061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7889290","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7889290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7889290","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7889290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000888835","display_name":"The Population Research Institute","funder_award_id":"P2CHD041025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531240491","https://openalex.org/W1884298837","https://openalex.org/W1981055726","https://openalex.org/W1983200755","https://openalex.org/W1987226838","https://openalex.org/W1989474080","https://openalex.org/W1989789443","https://openalex.org/W1992487658","https://openalex.org/W1995581723","https://openalex.org/W2017491411","https://openalex.org/W2022296571","https://openalex.org/W2028099244","https://openalex.org/W2039036421","https://openalex.org/W2045399603","https://openalex.org/W2046447063","https://openalex.org/W2046539899","https://openalex.org/W2048900169","https://openalex.org/W2051335755","https://openalex.org/W2063290255","https://openalex.org/W2065206870","https://openalex.org/W2065700153","https://openalex.org/W2067417839","https://openalex.org/W2071358286","https://openalex.org/W2082648681","https://openalex.org/W2094231101","https://openalex.org/W2106357602","https://openalex.org/W2111150242","https://openalex.org/W2125417662","https://openalex.org/W2128284024","https://openalex.org/W2132183026","https://openalex.org/W2136283090","https://openalex.org/W2137799571","https://openalex.org/W2143815327","https://openalex.org/W2144855918","https://openalex.org/W2150844713","https://openalex.org/W2155838588","https://openalex.org/W2161729964","https://openalex.org/W2164662768","https://openalex.org/W2292683091","https://openalex.org/W2724279120","https://openalex.org/W2734911600","https://openalex.org/W2752679099","https://openalex.org/W2782672955","https://openalex.org/W2981288580","https://openalex.org/W3123506487","https://openalex.org/W4299621988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7119417211","https://openalex.org/W2063290255","https://openalex.org/W2335914004","https://openalex.org/W7024528352","https://openalex.org/W2029262159","https://openalex.org/W2043869873","https://openalex.org/W2077862507","https://openalex.org/W7160322153","https://openalex.org/W2002962138","https://openalex.org/W7213504503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CONTEXT:":[0],"Little":[1],"is":[2,15,101,218,222],"known":[3],"about":[4],"the":[5,8,96,143,201],"pathways":[6],"mediating":[7],"relationship":[9,207],"between":[10,154,208],"education":[11,155,209],"and":[12,79,108,112,156,173,187,192,196,210,221,229],"health.":[13],"It":[14],"widely":[16,74],"assumed":[17,220],"that":[18],"formal":[19],"schooling":[20,100,135],"leads":[21],"to":[22,32,77,94,98,249],"awareness":[23,107,171,191,228],"of":[24,34,58,69,87,120,125,129,134,145,200],"health":[25,110,175,194,231],"risks":[26,86],"(e.g.,":[27,37],"STIs)":[28],"and,":[29],"in":[30,53,64,142],"turn,":[31],"adoption":[33],"preventive":[35],"behavior":[36],"condom":[38,146,157,183],"use);":[39],"however,":[40],"evidence":[41],"supporting":[42],"this":[43],"mechanism":[44],"has":[45],"been":[46],"limited.":[47],"METHODS:":[48],"Survey":[49],"data":[50],"were":[51,180],"collected":[52],"2010":[54],"from":[55],"a":[56,139],"sample":[57],"247":[59],"adults":[60],"aged":[61],"30-62":[62],"living":[63],"an":[65],"isolated":[66],"Andean":[67],"district":[68],"Peru;":[70],"these":[71,114],"individuals":[72],"had":[73,82],"varying":[75],"exposure":[76],"schooling,":[78],"their":[80],"community":[81],"recently":[83],"experienced":[84],"elevated":[85],"STIs.":[88],"Structural":[89],"equation":[90],"modeling":[91],"was":[92,136,159],"used":[93,248],"estimate":[95],"degree":[97],"which":[99],"associated":[102,117,137,181],"with":[103,118,138,182],"cognitive":[104,162,246],"resources,":[105],"STI":[106,170,190,211,227,237],"sexual":[109,174,193,230],"knowledge,":[111,195],"how":[113],"jointly":[115],"are":[116,240],"ever-use":[119,128],"condoms.":[121,130],"RESULTS:":[122],"Thirty-two":[123],"percent":[124],"respondents":[126],"reported":[127],"One":[131],"additional":[132],"year":[133],"2.7-percentage-point":[140],"increase":[141],"probability":[144],"use,":[147],"after":[148],"adjustment":[149],"for":[150,198],"covariates.":[151],"The":[152,206],"pathway":[153],"use":[158,184,203],"mediated":[160,223],"by":[161,224],"executive":[163],"functioning":[164],"(CEF)":[165],"skills":[166,179,247],"(0.26":[167],"standard":[168],"deviations),":[169],"(0.09)":[172],"knowledge":[176],"(0.10);":[177],"CEF":[178,225],"both":[185],"directly":[186],"indirectly,":[188],"through":[189],"accounted":[197],"two-thirds":[199],"education-condom":[202],"gradient.":[204],"CONCLUSIONS:":[205],"prevention":[212,238],"may":[213],"be":[214],"more":[215,241],"complex":[216],"than":[217],"often":[219],"skills,":[226],"knowledge.":[232],"Studies":[233],"should":[234],"examine":[235],"whether":[236],"interventions":[239],"effective":[242],"if":[243],"they":[244],"enhance":[245],"translate":[250],"information":[251],"into":[252],"protective":[253],"behaviors.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2020-07-16T00:00:00"}