{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3040721847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","title":"Who Owns REDD+? Carbon Markets, Carbon Rights and Entitlements to REDD+ Finance","display_name":"Who Owns REDD+? Carbon Markets, Carbon Rights and Entitlements to REDD+ Finance","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3040721847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","mag":"3040721847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f11090959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/959/pdf?version=1598958963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/959/pdf?version=1598958963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069034277","display_name":"Charlotte Streck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-5683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-5683"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Streck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate Focus , Schwedter Strasse 253 , Berlin , Germany ; University of Potsdam , Am neuen Palais 10 , 14496 Potsdam , Germany","Climate Focus, Schwedter Strasse 253, 10119 Berlin, Germany","Department of International Politics, University of Potsdam, Am neuen Palais 10, 14496 Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-5683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Focus , Schwedter Strasse 253 , Berlin , Germany ; University of Potsdam , Am neuen Palais 10 , 14496 Potsdam , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Focus, Schwedter Strasse 253, 10119 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Politics, University of Potsdam, Am neuen Palais 10, 14496 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069034277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"fwci":2.5757,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90523418,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"959","last_page":"959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.9291999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.9291999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.023000000044703484,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11753","display_name":"Forest Management and Policy","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redd","display_name":"REDD+","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-rights","display_name":"carbon rights","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-trading","display_name":"emissions trading","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voluntary-carbon-markets","display_name":"voluntary carbon markets","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-credits","display_name":"carbon credits","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benefit-sharing","display_name":"benefit sharing","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deforestation","display_name":"deforestation","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-carbon","display_name":"forest carbon","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-climate-law","display_name":"international climate law","score":0.40799999237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778405918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082970","display_name":"Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","level":4,"score":0.767181932926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993946284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037988","display_name":"Carbon market","level":3,"score":0.6207517981529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.606239378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.5633880496025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5623400807380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37965861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839399","display_name":"Carbon credit","level":3,"score":0.550600528717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778539042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208645","display_name":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","level":4,"score":0.5393908023834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99743013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47359","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","level":3,"score":0.4741586744785309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169402504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535536","display_name":"Clean Development Mechanism","level":3,"score":0.46710553765296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.4499715566635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42413267493247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.37156856060028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30329614877700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.2978878617286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10931998491287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994081031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049066","display_name":"Carbon stock","level":3,"score":0.10000282526016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/f11090959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/959/pdf?version=1598958963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0288.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202007.0288.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202007.0288.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202007.0288/v1/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc56fd7470dd4d10b0c92d95f091462c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc56fd7470dd4d10b0c92d95f091462c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Forests, Vol 11, Iss 959, p 959 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kobv.de-opus4-uni-potsdam:57821","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/57821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400594","display_name":"publish.UP (University of Potsdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","host_organization_name":"University of Potsdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f11090959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090959","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/959/pdf?version=1598958963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.5351999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.5217000246047974,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3040721847.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3040721847.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207398472","https://openalex.org/W1510092249","https://openalex.org/W1584536050","https://openalex.org/W1822556420","https://openalex.org/W1967778777","https://openalex.org/W1968388434","https://openalex.org/W1980528823","https://openalex.org/W1988866357","https://openalex.org/W2010835346","https://openalex.org/W2044767668","https://openalex.org/W2072473959","https://openalex.org/W2078268217","https://openalex.org/W2090971942","https://openalex.org/W2114456601","https://openalex.org/W2142168436","https://openalex.org/W2150809378","https://openalex.org/W2165907452","https://openalex.org/W2255605842","https://openalex.org/W2319146593","https://openalex.org/W2341879122","https://openalex.org/W2416522894","https://openalex.org/W2439293444","https://openalex.org/W2473251656","https://openalex.org/W2496352949","https://openalex.org/W2521295784","https://openalex.org/W2547244189","https://openalex.org/W2547805715","https://openalex.org/W2553098257","https://openalex.org/W2595527398","https://openalex.org/W2626734788","https://openalex.org/W2732881179","https://openalex.org/W2756382666","https://openalex.org/W2771757417","https://openalex.org/W2773780192","https://openalex.org/W2787421333","https://openalex.org/W2795082942","https://openalex.org/W2886300465","https://openalex.org/W2900702144","https://openalex.org/W2913948202","https://openalex.org/W2937217780","https://openalex.org/W2944926500","https://openalex.org/W2995180635","https://openalex.org/W3019516253","https://openalex.org/W3034974022","https://openalex.org/W4231760647","https://openalex.org/W4255777465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7115887574","https://openalex.org/W2044767668","https://openalex.org/W302240826","https://openalex.org/W2218835302","https://openalex.org/W2349616991","https://openalex.org/W1816905136","https://openalex.org/W280874001","https://openalex.org/W2808666135","https://openalex.org/W1513160497","https://openalex.org/W2072473959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,163,263],"question":[1,150],"of":[2,26,88,106,165,207,219,265,272,305],"who":[3],"is":[4],"entitled":[5],"to":[6,15,34,48,55,84,178,187,201,210,222,239,247,258],"benefit":[7,230],"from":[8,18,64],"transactions":[9,251],"under":[10,74],"the":[11,27,75,86,95,98,115,138,149,203,217,241,269,288,302],"United":[12,76],"Nations":[13,77],"framework":[14,47,73,117],"reduce":[16,35,56],"emissions":[17,59],"deforestation":[19,36],"and":[20,60,91,100,124,144,158,169,189,205,226,244,252,268,279,300],"forest":[21,65,112],"degradation":[22],"(REDD+)":[23],"remains":[24],"one":[25],"most":[28],"controversial":[29],"issues":[30],"surrounding":[31],"cooperative":[32],"efforts":[33,51],"in":[37,52,110,156,182,193,249],"developing":[38,53],"countries.":[39,282],"REDD+":[40,126,157,183,211,250,261,299],"has":[41],"been":[42],"conceived":[43],"as":[44,70,128,130,184,186],"an":[45,71],"international":[46,72,107,116],"encourage":[49],"voluntary":[50,139,159,194],"countries":[54,179],"greenhouse":[57],"gas":[58],"enhance":[61],"carbon":[62,113,140,145,160,195,220,224,266,273,286],"removals":[63,92],"activities.":[66],"It":[67,214],"was":[68],"designed":[69],"Framework":[78],"Convention":[79],"on":[80,137,229,276],"Climate":[81],"Change":[82],"(UNFCCC)":[83],"enable":[85],"generation":[87],"emission":[89,121],"reductions":[90],"(ERRs)":[93],"at":[94],"national\u2014and,":[96],"provisionally,":[97],"subnational\u2014level":[99],"is,":[101],"thus,":[102],"primarily":[103],"a":[104,176,233],"creature":[105],"law.":[108],"However,":[109,283],"defining":[111],"ERRs,":[114],"competes":[118],"with":[119],"national":[120,168],"trading":[122],"systems":[123,147],"domestic":[125],"legislation":[127],"well":[129,185],"private":[131,170,190],"standards":[132,171],"that":[133,172,180,255,294],"define":[134],"units":[135],"traded":[136],"market.":[141],"As":[142],"results-based":[143],"market":[146,161,196,212],"emerge,":[148],"remains:":[151],"Who":[152],"can":[153,256],"claim":[154],"participation":[155],"projects?":[162],"existence":[164],"different":[166],"international,":[167],"value":[173],"ERRs":[174],"poses":[175],"challenge":[177],"participate":[181,248],"communities":[188],"actors":[191],"participating":[192],"projects.":[197],"This":[198],"paper":[199,237,289],"seeks":[200],"clarify":[202],"nature":[204,271],"limitation":[206],"rights":[208,221,246,267],"pertaining":[209],"transactions.":[213],"also":[215],"links":[216],"notion":[218],"both":[223],"markets":[225],"government\u2019s":[227],"decision":[228],"sharing.":[231],"Applying":[232],"legal":[234,270,292],"lens,":[235],"this":[236],"helps":[238],"understand":[240],"various":[242],"claims":[243],"underlying":[245],"addresses":[253],"ambiguities":[254],"lead":[257],"conflict":[259],"around":[260],"implementation.":[262],"definition":[264],"credits":[274],"depend":[275],"local":[277],"law":[278],"differ":[280],"between":[281],"by":[284],"categorizing":[285],"rights,":[287],"summarizes":[290],"several":[291],"considerations":[293],"are":[295],"relevant":[296],"for":[297],"regulating":[298],"sharing":[301],"financial":[303],"benefits":[304],"transacting":[306],"ERRs.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2020-07-16T00:00:00"}