{"id":"https://openalex.org/W304065096","doi":null,"title":"Does the Global Assessment of Functioning Assess Functioning","display_name":"Does the Global Assessment of Functioning Assess Functioning","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W304065096","mag":"304065096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1572144092","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2002-18039-004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850752","display_name":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling","issn_l":"1040-2861","issn":["1040-2861","2163-5749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111712242","display_name":"Steven F. Bacon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118839592","display_name":"California State University, Bakersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/019ts0j55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118839592"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven F. Bacon","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State U, Dept of Psychology, Bakersfield, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State U, Dept of Psychology, Bakersfield, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118839592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael J. Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5226-5498","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5226-5498"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126533617","display_name":"Alliant University","ror":"https://ror.org/04k8zab17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126533617"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alliant International U, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5226-5498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alliant International U, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126533617"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040385675","display_name":"Edmund V. Plake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162473","display_name":"United States Marine Corps","ror":"https://ror.org/05av6m066","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210162473"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmund V. Plake","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Marine Corp, Community Support Services, National Training Ctr, Quantico, VA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Marine Corp, Community Support Services, National Training Ctr, Quantico, VA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162473"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87851197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"202","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.3440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.3440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.1492999941110611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10214","display_name":"Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications","score":0.08479999750852585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-assessment-of-functioning","display_name":"Global Assessment of Functioning","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-behavior","display_name":"adaptive behavior","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-disability","display_name":"functional disability","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symptom-severity","display_name":"symptom severity","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rater-bias","display_name":"rater bias","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosocial-interventions","display_name":"psychosocial interventions","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-outcome-assessment","display_name":"treatment outcome assessment","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health-assessment","display_name":"mental health assessment","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-judgment","display_name":"clinical judgment","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-validity","display_name":"psychometric validity","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biopsychosocial-model","display_name":"biopsychosocial model","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosocial-rehabilitation","display_name":"psychosocial rehabilitation","score":0.4099999964237213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780200951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531566","display_name":"Global Assessment of Functioning","level":3,"score":0.7324849367141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137886200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725568","display_name":"Biopsychosocial model","level":2,"score":0.7145128846168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150966472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410145","display_name":"Psychosocial","level":2,"score":0.6673530340194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.6244914531707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6121008992195129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5852747559547424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5751590728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115219716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917426","display_name":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","level":3,"score":0.48740532994270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993245651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570691","display_name":"Adaptive functioning","level":2,"score":0.4859375059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73282008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759895","display_name":"Coping (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4113417863845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3737811744213104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.3109789788722992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.16963276267051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1572144092","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2002-18039-004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850752","display_name":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling","issn_l":"1040-2861","issn":["1040-2861","2163-5749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:304065096","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-90393243/does-the-global-assessment-of-functioning-assess-functioning","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850752","display_name":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling","issn_l":"1040-2861","issn":["1040-2861","2163-5749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mental Health Counseling","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338740249","https://openalex.org/W2789919046","https://openalex.org/W2489498923","https://openalex.org/W7066272968","https://openalex.org/W2157799751","https://openalex.org/W2002440823","https://openalex.org/W2148772602","https://openalex.org/W2120503746","https://openalex.org/W1980505221","https://openalex.org/W2139333064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adaptive":[0,356,522],"functioning/impairment":[1,34,357],"is":[2,10,26,90,128,158,358,372],"an":[3,172,325],"important":[4,99,177,309],"mental":[5,36,135,183],"health":[6,37,136,184],"outcome":[7,138,452],"domain":[8,407,453],"that":[9,41,215,226,247,264,303,361,408],"conceptually":[11],"distinct":[12],"from":[13,186,192],"symptom":[14,86,147,235,329,455],"severity.":[15,87,456],"The":[16,88,121,202],"Global":[17],"Assessment":[18],"of":[19,32,95,110,115,123,204,277,288,311,349,369,378,445,464,470,513,528,532],"Functioning":[20],"(GAF;":[21],"American":[22],"Psychiatric":[23],"Association,":[24],"1994)":[25],"the":[27,62,108,193,275,285,333,376,414,429,511,525,543,548],"most":[28,141,304],"commonly":[29],"used":[30],"measure":[31,94,270],"adaptive":[33,83,96,116,124,167,205,232,258,379,396,503],"in":[35,134,146,166,220,231,296,419,554],"settings.":[38],"We":[39,242],"suspect":[40],"GAF":[42,70,74,89,111],"scores":[43],"may":[44,237,273],"be":[45,298,363],"influenced":[46,78],"by":[47,65,79],"factors":[48,80],"other":[49,81,479],"than":[50,82,191,260,454],"functional":[51,398,446,533],"impairment.":[52],"In":[53,283],"this":[54,308],"study,":[55],"three":[56],"raters":[57],"classified,":[58],"with":[59,542],"high":[60],"reliability,":[61],"reasons":[63],"given":[64],"eight":[66],"clinicians":[67,102,290],"for":[68,160,433,520],"80":[69],"ratings.":[71],"As":[72],"expected,":[73],"ratings":[75],"were":[76],"strongly":[77],"functioning/impairment,":[84],"like":[85],"not":[91,238],"a":[92,187,354,359,406,449,465],"good":[93],"functioning,":[97,397],"yet":[98],"decisions":[100],"affecting":[101],"and":[103,126,174,213,224,234,251,262,338,412,422,428,493,502,517,552],"clients":[104],"are":[105,118,180,216,227,351,467],"made":[106],"on":[107,144,257,328,506],"basis":[109],"scores.":[112],"Better":[113],"measures":[114],"functioning":[117,125,206,233,259,272,380,411,504,523],"needed.":[119],"**********":[120],"assessment":[122,203],"impairment":[127,384,447,501],"frequently":[129],"underemphasized":[130],"or":[131,381,400],"overlooked":[132],"altogether":[133],"treatment":[137,185],"studies.":[139],"Instead,":[140],"studies":[142,306],"focus":[143,327,505],"changes":[145,165,230],"severity":[148,236],"(Krupnick,":[149,281],"1999;":[150,319,321],"Mintz,":[151,152],"Arruda,":[153],"&":[154,317],"Hwang,":[155],"1992).":[156],"This":[157,443],"unfortunate":[159],"several":[161],"reasons.":[162],"First,":[163],"recognizing":[164],"functioning--the":[168],"ability":[169,334,415,430],"to":[170,181,209,222,253,269,291,300,335,353,405,416,423,431,460,550],"lead":[171],"independent":[173],"productive":[175],"life--is":[176],"if":[178],"we":[179,402],"understand":[182],"biopsychosocial":[188],"perspective":[189],"rather":[190],"narrower":[194],"biomedical":[195],"model":[196],"(Engel,":[197],"1977,":[198],"1980;":[199],"Schwartz,":[200],"1982).":[201],"allows":[207],"us":[208],"look":[210],"at":[211],"skills":[212],"strengths":[214],"developed":[217],"through":[218],"counseling":[219],"addition":[221],"abnormalities":[223,486],"deficits":[225,553],"corrected.":[228],"Second,":[229],"always":[239],"occur":[240],"together.":[241],"might":[243],"expect":[244],"psychosocial":[245,279],"interventions":[246,280],"emphasize":[248],"coping,":[249],"resiliency,":[250],"rehabilitation":[252],"have":[254],"greater":[255],"effects":[256],"psychotherapies":[261],"pharmacotherapies":[263],"target":[265],"only":[266],"symptoms.":[267],"Failing":[268],"general":[271],"underestimate":[274],"impact":[276],"these":[278],"1999).":[282],"addition,":[284],"lukewarm":[286],"response":[287],"many":[289,347],"controlled":[292],"clinical":[293],"trials":[294],"may,":[295],"part,":[297],"due":[299],"their":[301,339,514,518],"recognition":[302],"efficacy":[305],"leave":[307],"aspect":[310],"clients'":[312],"experiencing":[313],"unmeasured":[314],"(Addis,":[315],"Wade,":[316],"Hatgis,":[318],"Goldfried,":[320],"Seligman,":[322],"1995).":[323],"Finally,":[324],"exclusive":[326],"change":[330],"severely":[331],"limits":[332],"compare":[336],"treatments":[337],"cost":[340],"effectiveness":[341],"across":[342,367],"diagnostic":[343],"groups":[344,368],"(e.g.,":[345,438,475,482,487,496],"how":[346,461],"hours":[348],"insomnia":[350],"equal":[352],"delusion?).":[355],"metric":[360],"can":[362,509],"applied":[364],"more":[365],"easily":[366],"clients.":[370],"There":[371],"little":[373],"consensus":[374],"about":[375],"meaning":[377],"its":[382],"flip-side,":[383],"(Brekke,":[385],"1992;":[386],"Phelan,":[387],"Wykes,":[388],"Goldman,":[389],"1994).":[390],"For":[391],"clarity's":[392],"sake,":[393],"when":[394],"discussing":[395],"abilities":[399],"impairments,":[401],"will":[403],"refer":[404,459],"includes":[409],"work":[410],"productivity,":[413],"actively":[417],"participate":[418],"social":[420,426],"relationships":[421],"manage":[424],"appropriate":[425],"roles,":[427],"care":[432],"one's":[434],"daily":[435,515],"physical":[436,485],"needs":[437],"grooming,":[439],"feeding,":[440],"managing":[441],"money).":[442],"use":[444],"represents":[448],"very":[450],"different":[451],"Symptoms":[457],"typically":[458],"well":[462],"parts":[463],"person":[466],"working.":[468],"Examples":[469,531],"symptoms":[471],"include":[472,535],"mood":[473],"states":[474,481],"depression,":[476],"anxiety,":[477],"euphoria),":[478],"internal":[480],"low":[483],"self-esteem),":[484],"insomnia,":[488],"poor":[489,536],"appetite,":[490],"psychmotor":[491],"agitation),":[492],"cognitive":[494],"difficulties":[495,534],"aphasia,":[497],"distractibility,":[498],"obsessions).":[499],"Functional":[500],"what":[507],"individuals":[508],"do,":[510],"quality":[512],"activity,":[516],"need":[519],"assistance.":[521],"emphasizes":[524],"integrated":[526],"behavior":[527],"whole":[529],"people.":[530],"school":[537],"performance,":[538],"relationship":[539],"difficulties,":[540],"trouble":[541],"law,":[544],"neglected":[545],"parental":[546],"responsibilities,":[547],"inability":[549],"work,":[551],"grooming.":[555],"\u2026":[556]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}