{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037991925","doi":null,"title":"Human-Giraffe Interactions: Characterizing Poaching and Use of Parts as a Threat to Giraffe in Northern Kenya","display_name":"Human-Giraffe Interactions: Characterizing Poaching and Use of Parts as a Threat to Giraffe in Northern Kenya","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037991925","mag":"3037991925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu:etd-4231","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402196","display_name":"DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","host_organization_name":"California Polytechnic State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020274422","display_name":"Kirstie A. Ruppert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-7600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-7600"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kirstie Ruppert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-7600","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020274422"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1259,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41930534,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":92},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reticulated-giraffe","display_name":"reticulated giraffe","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/giraffa-reticulata","display_name":"Giraffa reticulata","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-wildlife-conflict","display_name":"human-wildlife conflict","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pastoralists","display_name":"pastoralists","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-conservation","display_name":"community-based conservation","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes-toward-wildlife","display_name":"attitudes toward wildlife","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-benefits","display_name":"perceived benefits","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative-beliefs","display_name":"normative beliefs","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-behavioral-control","display_name":"perceived behavioral control","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife-tourism","display_name":"wildlife tourism","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-dimensions-of-conservation","display_name":"human dimensions of conservation","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-kenya","display_name":"northern Kenya","score":0.8190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776217272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34577","display_name":"Poaching","level":3,"score":0.9658263325691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5757279992103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.34074074029922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.32377439737319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31478404998779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.09689804911613464}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu:etd-4231","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402196","display_name":"DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","host_organization_name":"California Polytechnic State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3037991925","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4231&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu:etd-4231","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3177","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402196","display_name":"DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","host_organization_name":"California Polytechnic State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7605999708175659}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317698","display_name":"San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04fqe9p30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319205","display_name":"Giraffe Conservation Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0017jqh36"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037991925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037991925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":186,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63810989","https://openalex.org/W91994830","https://openalex.org/W141430544","https://openalex.org/W414743306","https://openalex.org/W1501759806","https://openalex.org/W1530023348","https://openalex.org/W1543529592","https://openalex.org/W1584107136","https://openalex.org/W1597470417","https://openalex.org/W1793183768","https://openalex.org/W1908683345","https://openalex.org/W1923987658","https://openalex.org/W1941603536","https://openalex.org/W1963741105","https://openalex.org/W1966746644","https://openalex.org/W1969256937","https://openalex.org/W1970081878","https://openalex.org/W1976410238","https://openalex.org/W1978259404","https://openalex.org/W1978794926","https://openalex.org/W1979912229","https://openalex.org/W1982880867","https://openalex.org/W1988084992","https://openalex.org/W1992821419","https://openalex.org/W1993592041","https://openalex.org/W1997682321","https://openalex.org/W1999854702","https://openalex.org/W2001393532","https://openalex.org/W2003030768","https://openalex.org/W2003217137","https://openalex.org/W2008751884","https://openalex.org/W2010365184","https://openalex.org/W2011130425","https://openalex.org/W2013823004","https://openalex.org/W2015243397","https://openalex.org/W2019554311","https://openalex.org/W2019598921","https://openalex.org/W2021348953","https://openalex.org/W2022697909","https://openalex.org/W2024603760","https://openalex.org/W2024828497","https://openalex.org/W2026503995","https://openalex.org/W2027174411","https://openalex.org/W2031576598","https://openalex.org/W2032562586","https://openalex.org/W2035531157","https://openalex.org/W2036447827","https://openalex.org/W2036886713","https://openalex.org/W2036969276","https://openalex.org/W2039431624","https://openalex.org/W2042445068","https://openalex.org/W2043059413","https://openalex.org/W2045249745","https://openalex.org/W2047303889","https://openalex.org/W2047669080","https://openalex.org/W2048897414","https://openalex.org/W2050378533","https://openalex.org/W2053181105","https://openalex.org/W2056149331","https://openalex.org/W2056437516","https://openalex.org/W2057507880","https://openalex.org/W2061919748","https://openalex.org/W2062407690","https://openalex.org/W2062682413","https://openalex.org/W2063992182","https://openalex.org/W2067625381","https://openalex.org/W2073180233","https://openalex.org/W2073622670","https://openalex.org/W2073941674","https://openalex.org/W2076624765","https://openalex.org/W2085706437","https://openalex.org/W2086388902","https://openalex.org/W2088175474","https://openalex.org/W2088195632","https://openalex.org/W2088970436","https://openalex.org/W2092774515","https://openalex.org/W2094835389","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2101873753","https://openalex.org/W2104874172","https://openalex.org/W2109043109","https://openalex.org/W2110818686","https://openalex.org/W2113787853","https://openalex.org/W2115006245","https://openalex.org/W2115126140","https://openalex.org/W2117162184","https://openalex.org/W2122658401","https://openalex.org/W2122974822","https://openalex.org/W2126655507","https://openalex.org/W2129241960","https://openalex.org/W2131994649","https://openalex.org/W2132159409","https://openalex.org/W2132924062","https://openalex.org/W2137008877","https://openalex.org/W2138433633","https://openalex.org/W2138451117","https://openalex.org/W2143971286","https://openalex.org/W2146500715","https://openalex.org/W2148464769","https://openalex.org/W2149426068","https://openalex.org/W2150983642","https://openalex.org/W2152095411","https://openalex.org/W2153083788","https://openalex.org/W2153851740","https://openalex.org/W2155317478","https://openalex.org/W2157912707","https://openalex.org/W2159331544","https://openalex.org/W2159398375","https://openalex.org/W2160248521","https://openalex.org/W2161535853","https://openalex.org/W2164280988","https://openalex.org/W2166158969","https://openalex.org/W2167268201","https://openalex.org/W2167969645","https://openalex.org/W2170121306","https://openalex.org/W2171780895","https://openalex.org/W2175337608","https://openalex.org/W2180144902","https://openalex.org/W2198481850","https://openalex.org/W2214949957","https://openalex.org/W2283675648","https://openalex.org/W2322972752","https://openalex.org/W2332599133","https://openalex.org/W2350304839","https://openalex.org/W2409192856","https://openalex.org/W2416978359","https://openalex.org/W2473258729","https://openalex.org/W2475106188","https://openalex.org/W2501314289","https://openalex.org/W2517397763","https://openalex.org/W2519907207","https://openalex.org/W2521312965","https://openalex.org/W2526899015","https://openalex.org/W2528239730","https://openalex.org/W2528770609","https://openalex.org/W2539138036","https://openalex.org/W2546403211","https://openalex.org/W2547912597","https://openalex.org/W2553690810","https://openalex.org/W2556419126","https://openalex.org/W2557811647","https://openalex.org/W2558898005","https://openalex.org/W2563403337","https://openalex.org/W2574965166","https://openalex.org/W2598701004","https://openalex.org/W2606515170","https://openalex.org/W2607856773","https://openalex.org/W2613986464","https://openalex.org/W2620523813","https://openalex.org/W2735098071","https://openalex.org/W2745856868","https://openalex.org/W2750518724","https://openalex.org/W2754841815","https://openalex.org/W2775626052","https://openalex.org/W2789032619","https://openalex.org/W2792050619","https://openalex.org/W2795870151","https://openalex.org/W2796386392","https://openalex.org/W2830247530","https://openalex.org/W2847267209","https://openalex.org/W2884050905","https://openalex.org/W2890269595","https://openalex.org/W2893185264","https://openalex.org/W2895015164","https://openalex.org/W2901763961","https://openalex.org/W2903652251","https://openalex.org/W2905925778","https://openalex.org/W2911229102","https://openalex.org/W2915294505","https://openalex.org/W2921805724","https://openalex.org/W2937545369","https://openalex.org/W2938569887","https://openalex.org/W2946266825","https://openalex.org/W2947775514","https://openalex.org/W2947894726","https://openalex.org/W2952017503","https://openalex.org/W2952086252","https://openalex.org/W2955685624","https://openalex.org/W2965595707","https://openalex.org/W2992343791","https://openalex.org/W3000395294","https://openalex.org/W4230014723","https://openalex.org/W4231221285","https://openalex.org/W4238644258","https://openalex.org/W4248770073","https://openalex.org/W4301487684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387341087","https://openalex.org/W3135302221","https://openalex.org/W7131286822","https://openalex.org/W7155086604","https://openalex.org/W4416706205","https://openalex.org/W4318196872","https://openalex.org/W7153003261","https://openalex.org/W3208393814","https://openalex.org/W3027059930","https://openalex.org/W4403616722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Giraffe":[0],"(Giraffe":[1],"spp.)":[2],"are":[3,35,406],"iconic":[4],"wildlife":[5],"species":[6],"to":[7,39,162,166,221,249,332,348,359,398],"Africa,":[8],"yet":[9],"relatively":[10],"little":[11],"conservation":[12,33,91,184,238,294,411],"funding":[13],"and":[14,32,70,99,114,143,186,190,195,212,226,279,306,344,392,413,421],"research":[15,117,159,404],"have":[16],"been":[17],"directed":[18],"at":[19,202],"protection":[20],"of":[21,29,65,73,80,126,153,157,192,317,322,329,338,346,362,372,379],"giraffe":[22,44,66,74,82,154,193,237,323,339,350,363,373,400,410],"in":[23,102,119,141,209,265,424],"the":[24,41,59,71,77,106,135,145,150,158,188,286,367,380],"wild.":[25],"A":[26],"growing":[27],"number":[28],"national":[30],"governments":[31],"organizations":[34],"implementing":[36],"management":[37],"strategies":[38],"address":[40],"threats":[42,423],"that":[43,57,180,232,244,315],"face.":[45],"To":[46],"inform":[47],"these":[48,217,289,403],"plans,":[49],"there":[50,311],"is":[51,108,247,328],"a":[52,127,182,292,300,415],"need":[53],"for":[54,236,408,417],"social":[55],"science":[56],"examines":[58],"human":[60,151,326],"pressures":[61],"associated":[62,422],"with":[63,96,270],"decline":[64],"populations,":[67],"including":[68],"poaching":[69],"use":[72,321],"parts.":[75],"As":[76,325],"large":[78],"majority":[79],"reticulated":[81,132],"(Giraffa":[83],"reticulata)":[84],"range":[85],"occurs":[86],"outside":[87],"formally":[88],"protected":[89],"areas,":[90],"plans":[92],"must":[93],"be":[94],"made":[95],"pastoralist":[97,223],"communities":[98,224,266],"other":[100],"actors":[101],"northern":[103],"Kenya":[104],"where":[105],"land":[107],"shared":[109],"between":[110,175,240,275,288,303],"people,":[111],"their":[112],"livestock,":[113],"wildlife.":[115],"The":[116,273],"presented":[118],"this":[120],"dissertation":[121],"was":[122,312],"conducted":[123,201],"as":[124],"part":[125,196],"community-based":[128,183,293],"program":[129],"focused":[130],"on":[131,149,262,395],"giraffe,":[133,309],"called":[134],"Twiga":[136,381],"Walinzi":[137],"Initiative":[138],"(\u201cGiraffe":[139],"Guards\u201d":[140],"Swahili),":[142],"represents":[144],"first":[146],"quantitative":[147],"study":[148,204,241],"dimensions":[152],"conservation.":[155],"Goals":[156],"project":[160],"were":[161,200,281,357],"examine":[163],"key":[164],"cognitions":[165,177],"human-giraffe":[167,251,419],"interactions":[168,252,420],"(i.e.":[169],"attitudes,":[170,278],"beliefs,":[171],"perceptions),":[172],"assess":[173],"relationships":[174,287],"certain":[176],"within":[178,291],"areas":[179],"adopt":[181],"approach,":[185],"understand":[187],"extent":[189],"drivers":[191],"meat":[194,340,351,364,374],"usage.":[197],"Face-to-face":[198],"interviews":[199],"two":[203,368],"sites":[205],"over":[206],"survey":[207],"periods":[208],"2016/17":[210],"(n=579)":[211],"2019":[213],"(n=680).":[214],"Results":[215],"from":[216],"studies":[218],"provide":[219,414],"insights":[220],"how":[222],"view":[225],"act":[227],"toward":[228,308],"local":[229,245],"giraffe.":[230],"Factors":[231],"significantly":[233],"influenced":[234,320],"support":[235],"differed":[239],"sites,":[242],"suggesting":[243],"context":[246],"important":[248],"shaping":[250],"(Chapter":[253,296,342,352],"2).":[254],"For":[255],"instance,":[256],"perceived":[257,276,304],"benefits":[258,305,319],"had":[259,386],"stronger":[260,387],"influence":[261,389],"normative":[263],"belief":[264],"more":[267],"recently":[268],"connected":[269],"wildlife-based":[271],"tourism.":[272],"linkages":[274],"benefits,":[277],"behaviors":[280],"further":[282],"explored":[283],"by":[284],"assessing":[285],"concepts":[290],"setting":[295],"3).":[297],"Findings":[298],"suggest":[299],"positive":[301],"association":[302],"attitudes":[307,391],"but":[310],"less":[313],"evidence":[314],"perceptions":[316],"wildlife-related":[318],"meat/parts.":[324],"behavior":[327],"central":[330],"interest":[331],"conservation,":[333],"we":[334],"also":[335],"assessed":[336],"levels":[337],"consumption":[341,365,375],"4)":[343],"determinants":[345],"intention":[347,397],"consume":[349,399],"5).":[353],"Specialized":[354],"questioning":[355],"techniques":[356],"utilized":[358],"estimate":[360],"prevalence":[361,371],"preceding":[366],"surveys.":[369],"Estimated":[370],"declined":[376],"after":[377],"establishment":[378],"Walinzi.":[382],"Perceived":[383],"behavioral":[384],"control":[385],"relative":[388],"than":[390],"subjective":[393],"norms":[394],"future":[396],"meat.":[401],"Collectively,":[402],"findings":[405],"relevant":[407],"applied":[409],"efforts":[412],"framework":[416],"understanding":[418],"diverse":[425],"global":[426],"settings.":[427]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}