{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037814200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","title":"Detection and enumeration of wheat grains based on a deep learning method under various scenarios and scales","display_name":"Detection and enumeration of wheat grains based on a deep learning method under various scenarios and scales","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037814200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","mag":"3037814200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491286908","display_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture","issn_l":"2095-3119","issn":["2095-3119","2352-3425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W3037814200"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726779","display_name":"Wei Ying Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1781-5129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1781-5129"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei WU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050281178","display_name":"Tianle Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3682-4306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3682-4306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian-le YANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448610","display_name":"Rui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-906X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-906X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui LI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103931168","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8347-5690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8347-5690"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen CHEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101706893","display_name":"Tao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-1330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-1330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao LIU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kai ZHOU","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai ZHOU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102026163","display_name":"Chengming Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-3922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-3922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-ming SUN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409224","display_name":"Chunyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-6877","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-6877"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-yan LI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102290377","display_name":"Xinkai Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin-kai ZHU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091374111","display_name":"Wenshan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-6707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-6707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen-shan GUO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091374111","https://openalex.org/A5101726779","https://openalex.org/A5102026163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"fwci":5.2279,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9606776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"1998","last_page":"2008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-counting","display_name":"grain counting","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faster-r-cnn","display_name":"Faster R-CNN","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-learning","display_name":"transfer learning","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-number-per-spike","display_name":"grain number per spike","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1000-grain-weight","display_name":"1000-grain weight","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield-components","display_name":"yield components","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-variation","display_name":"background variation","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156340839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2704791","display_name":"Enumeration","level":2,"score":0.7559911012649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.57021564245224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5304847359657288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5155877470970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.43958619236946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4363862872123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42934364080429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.428345263004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4117642045021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3953689932823181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33599716424942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3321830630302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10478469729423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491286908","display_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture","issn_l":"2095-3119","issn":["2095-3119","2352-3425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e5cc23aed8c438f986e68ed89f5a2b8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e5cc23aed8c438f986e68ed89f5a2b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol 19, Iss 8, Pp 1998-2008 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(19)62803-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491286908","display_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture","issn_l":"2095-3119","issn":["2095-3119","2352-3425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1971374936","https://openalex.org/W1987528778","https://openalex.org/W2009516051","https://openalex.org/W2010792042","https://openalex.org/W2013985817","https://openalex.org/W2052251435","https://openalex.org/W2063427034","https://openalex.org/W2070885337","https://openalex.org/W2071857273","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2112733525","https://openalex.org/W2132234170","https://openalex.org/W2153110463","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2407521645","https://openalex.org/W2463470780","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2491598107","https://openalex.org/W2570378048","https://openalex.org/W2730129132","https://openalex.org/W2751721644","https://openalex.org/W2758216428","https://openalex.org/W2768265868","https://openalex.org/W2919254004","https://openalex.org/W2951548327","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4247924304","https://openalex.org/W4249914127","https://openalex.org/W4251925063","https://openalex.org/W4394643672","https://openalex.org/W6631782140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172484630","https://openalex.org/W4401888676","https://openalex.org/W4385462508","https://openalex.org/W4392854077","https://openalex.org/W4386883435","https://openalex.org/W4391769871","https://openalex.org/W4408962203","https://openalex.org/W4404511302","https://openalex.org/W7131349765","https://openalex.org/W4408784165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grain":[0],"number":[1,18],"is":[2,33],"crucial":[3],"for":[4,235,243],"analysis":[5],"of":[6,11,13,61,75,158,183,208,224],"yield":[7],"components":[8],"and":[9,21,36,48,80,89,107,114,124,152,165,190,216,232,247],"assessment":[10],"effects":[12],"cultivation":[14],"measures.":[15],"The":[16,109,155,199],"grain":[17,67,90,110,150,175,179,212,225,245],"per":[19],"spike":[20],"thousand-grain":[22],"weight":[23],"can":[24,201],"be":[25,202],"measured":[26],"by":[27],"counting":[28,176,180],"grains":[29],"manually,":[30],"but":[31],"it":[32],"time-consuming,":[34],"tedious":[35],"error-prone.":[37],"Previous":[38],"image":[39,63,68,82,105,210],"processing":[40,64],"algorithms":[41],"cannot":[42],"work":[43],"well":[44,220],"with":[45,85,173],"different":[46,49,86,222],"backgrounds":[47],"sizes.":[50],"This":[51,238],"study":[52,239],"used":[53,128],"deep":[54],"learning":[55,144],"methods":[56],"to":[57,132],"resolve":[58],"the":[59,73,115,129,134,142,148,159,166,178,191],"limitations":[60],"traditional":[62],"algorithms.":[65],"Wheat":[66],"datasets":[69,116],"were":[70,99,117],"collected":[71],"in":[72,95],"scenarios":[74],"three":[76],"varieties,":[77],"six":[78],"background":[79],"two":[81],"acquisition":[83],"devices":[84],"heights,":[87,218],"angles":[88],"numbers,":[91],"1":[92],"748":[93],"images":[94,98],"total.":[96],"All":[97],"processed":[100],"through":[101],"color":[102],"space":[103],"conversion,":[104],"flipping":[106],"rotation.":[108],"was":[111,161,170,186,194],"manually":[112],"annotated,":[113],"divided":[118],"into":[119],"training":[120],"set,":[121],"validation":[122],"set":[123],"test":[125],"set.":[126],"We":[127],"TensorFlow":[130],"framework":[131],"construct":[133],"Faster":[135],"Region-based":[136],"Convolutional":[137],"Neural":[138],"Network":[139],"Model.":[140],"Using":[141],"transfer":[143],"method,":[145],"we":[146],"optimized":[147],"wheat":[149,236],"detection":[151,231],"enumeration":[153,233,248],"model.":[154],"total":[156],"loss":[157],"model":[160,185,200],"less":[162,187,195],"than":[163,188,196],"0.5":[164],"mean":[167],"average":[168],"precision":[169],"0.91.":[171],"Compared":[172],"previous":[174],"algorithms,":[177],"error":[181],"rate":[182],"this":[184],"3%":[189],"running":[192],"time":[193],"2":[197],"s.":[198],"effectively":[203],"applied":[204],"under":[205],"a":[206,241],"variety":[207],"backgrounds,":[209],"sizes,":[211,213],"shooting":[214,217],"angles,":[215],"as":[219,221],"levels":[223],"crowding.":[226],"It":[227],"constitutes":[228],"an":[229],"effective":[230],"tool":[234],"grain.":[237],"provides":[240],"reference":[242],"further":[244],"testing":[246],"applications.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}