{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037726498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","title":"Article Commentary: SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Protease Inhibitors: Why Lopinavir/Ritonavir will not Work for COVID-19 Infection","display_name":"Article Commentary: SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Protease Inhibitors: Why Lopinavir/Ritonavir will not Work for COVID-19 Infection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037726498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","mag":"3037726498","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3851/imp3365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3851/IMP3365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137629795","display_name":"Antiviral Therapy","issn_l":"1359-6535","issn":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antiviral Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3851/IMP3365","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010097591","display_name":"Elise Jo\u00eblle Smolders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5694-9758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5694-9758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146510","display_name":"Isala","ror":"https://ror.org/046a2wj10","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146510"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268322","display_name":"Radboud Institute for Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00k5r1z23","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268322"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elise J Smolders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands","Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146510"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I4405268322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041205666","display_name":"Lindsey H. M. te Brake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7727-2846","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7727-2846"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268322","display_name":"Radboud Institute for Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00k5r1z23","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268322"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsey HM te Brake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I4405268322"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021568119","display_name":"David Marinus Burger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-2818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-2818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268322","display_name":"Radboud Institute for Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00k5r1z23","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268322"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M Burger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I4405268322"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010097591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I4210146510","https://openalex.org/I4405268322"],"apc_list":{"value":2800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2800},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"345","last_page":"347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.1889999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lopinavir-ritonavir","display_name":"lopinavir/ritonavir","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-protease-inhibitors","display_name":"HIV protease inhibitors","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-efficacy","display_name":"antiviral efficacy","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial-design","display_name":"clinical trial design","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-of-care-comparison","display_name":"standard of care comparison","score":0.5210000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777182164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422585","display_name":"Lopinavir","level":5,"score":0.9707686901092529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779298103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422618","display_name":"Ritonavir","level":5,"score":0.890173077583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781392899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422618","display_name":"Lopinavir/ritonavir","level":5,"score":0.8186755180358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6899310350418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6291437745094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6112550497055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.577579140663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5245052576065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738","display_name":"Coronavirus","level":5,"score":0.4479750692844391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.42130279541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3837495446205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.3477157652378082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.28610455989837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.249325692653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142462285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528140","display_name":"Viral load","level":3,"score":0.23192769289016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993143319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583050","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","level":4,"score":0.22087028622627258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.06543990969657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.062143802642822266}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093485","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Drug Treatment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093485","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Drug Treatment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093485","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Drug Treatment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000998","descriptor_name":"Antiviral Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000998","descriptor_name":"Antiviral Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000998","descriptor_name":"Antiviral Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3851/imp3365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3851/IMP3365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137629795","display_name":"Antiviral Therapy","issn_l":"1359-6535","issn":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antiviral Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32589165","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antiviral therapy","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3851/imp3365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3851/imp3365","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3851/IMP3365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137629795","display_name":"Antiviral Therapy","issn_l":"1359-6535","issn":["1359-6535","2040-2058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antiviral Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037726498.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56702614","https://openalex.org/W1501302493","https://openalex.org/W2112710992","https://openalex.org/W2139603860","https://openalex.org/W2150120685","https://openalex.org/W2161435378","https://openalex.org/W2166189758","https://openalex.org/W3000413850","https://openalex.org/W3012379316","https://openalex.org/W3015464875","https://openalex.org/W3024845488"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162955592","https://openalex.org/W3035595114","https://openalex.org/W2055153247","https://openalex.org/W2067601295","https://openalex.org/W2407014618","https://openalex.org/W2123402665","https://openalex.org/W2029349004","https://openalex.org/W4320857699","https://openalex.org/W2103553736","https://openalex.org/W2029142905"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,4,28,50,70],"beginning":[2],"of":[3,6,23,32,46,52,63],"outbreak":[5],"severe":[7],"acute":[8],"respiratory":[9],"syndrome":[10],"(SARS)":[11],"coronavirus":[12],"(CoV)":[13],"2,":[14],"lopinavir/ritonavir":[15,36],"was":[16],"selected":[17],"for":[18],"treatment.":[19],"The":[20,61],"recent":[21],"publication":[22],"Cao":[24],"et":[25],"al.":[26],"in":[27,54],"New":[29],"England":[30],"Journal":[31],"Medicine":[33],"showed":[34],"that":[35],"treatment":[37],"did":[38],"not":[39],"accelerate":[40],"clinical":[41],"improvement":[42],"compared":[43],"with":[44],"standard":[45],"care.":[47],"This":[48],"raised":[49],"question":[51],"whether":[53],"retrospect":[55],"we":[56],"could":[57],"have":[58],"known":[59],"this.":[60],"aim":[62],"this":[64,77],"paper":[65],"is":[66],"to":[67,74],"gather":[68],"all":[69],"available":[71],"evidence":[72],"and":[73],"comprehensively":[75],"discuss":[76],"issue.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}