{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037535674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","title":"Predicting the Difficulty and Response Time of Multiple Choice Questions Using Transfer Learning","display_name":"Predicting the Difficulty and Response Time of Multiple Choice Questions Using Transfer Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037535674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","mag":"3037535674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.bea-1.20.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421257","display_name":"Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.bea-1.20.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kang Xue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085816136","display_name":"Victoria Yaneva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0285-4654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0285-4654"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Yaneva","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011398348","display_name":"Christopher Runyon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1207-7390","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1207-7390"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Runyon","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102852506","display_name":"Peter Baldwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-0172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-0172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Baldwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0288,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9605202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"193","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.23800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.23800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.09759999811649323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.07599999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-learning","display_name":"transfer learning","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-difficulty-prediction","display_name":"item difficulty prediction","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-time-prediction","display_name":"response time prediction","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice-questions","display_name":"multiple-choice questions","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-licensing-examinations","display_name":"medical licensing examinations","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/answer-options","display_name":"answer options","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-stakes-testing","display_name":"high-stakes testing","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-response-theory","display_name":"item response theory","score":0.5180000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7469629049301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.689974308013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6572871208190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.6440311670303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5963516235351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5885120630264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5857811570167542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5700539350509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5130702257156372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5121626853942871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4395960569381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42604219913482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.bea-1.20.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421257","display_name":"Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.bea-1.20","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.bea-1.20.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421257","display_name":"Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037535674.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037535674.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W167099411","https://openalex.org/W939631174","https://openalex.org/W1539309091","https://openalex.org/W1566256432","https://openalex.org/W2011198256","https://openalex.org/W2069905881","https://openalex.org/W2250556123","https://openalex.org/W2576049115","https://openalex.org/W2590132339","https://openalex.org/W2605073321","https://openalex.org/W2725745618","https://openalex.org/W2787560479","https://openalex.org/W2806371566","https://openalex.org/W2951714314","https://openalex.org/W2970063886","https://openalex.org/W3009010129","https://openalex.org/W3010910478","https://openalex.org/W3030682732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6930537659","https://openalex.org/W6925145584","https://openalex.org/W4395065128","https://openalex.org/W4416526643","https://openalex.org/W7001324682","https://openalex.org/W3009010129","https://openalex.org/W7161707834","https://openalex.org/W2970063886","https://openalex.org/W3030682732","https://openalex.org/W4412874000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"on":[3],"whether":[4],"transfer":[5,67],"learning":[6,68],"can":[7,69],"improve":[8,70],"the":[9,12,30,71,87,99,105,112,118],"prediction":[10,72],"of":[11,29,45,73,104,111],"difficulty":[13,35,75,92],"and":[14,36,48],"response":[15,37,77,119],"time":[16,38,78],"parameters":[17],"for":[18,64,116],"\u2248":[19],"18,000":[20],"multiple-choice":[21],"questions":[22],"from":[23,98],"a":[24],"high-stakes":[25],"medical":[26],"exam.The":[27],"type":[28],"signal":[31,97],"that":[32],"best":[33,94],"predicts":[34],"is":[39,79],"also":[40],"explored,":[41],"both":[42],"in":[43],"terms":[44],"representation":[46],"abstraction":[47],"item":[49,74,100,113],"component":[50],"used":[51,80],"as":[52,81],"input":[53],"(e.g.,":[54],"whole":[55],"item,":[56],"answer":[57],"options":[58],"only,":[59],"etc.).The":[60],"results":[61],"indicate":[62],"that,":[63],"our":[65],"sample,":[66],"when":[76],"an":[82],"auxiliary":[83],"task":[84],"but":[85],"not":[86],"other":[88],"way":[89],"around.In":[90],"addition,":[91],"was":[93],"predicted":[95],"using":[96],"stem":[101],"(the":[102],"description":[103],"clinical":[106],"case),":[107],"while":[108],"all":[109],"parts":[110],"were":[114],"important":[115],"predicting":[117],"time.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}