{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036768154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12642","title":"Arabic Diacritics and Their Role in Facilitating Reading Speed, Accuracy, and Comprehension by English L2 Learners of Arabic","display_name":"Arabic Diacritics and Their Role in Facilitating Reading Speed, Accuracy, and Comprehension by English L2 Learners of Arabic","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036768154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12642","mag":"3036768154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/modl.12642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72851247","display_name":"Modern Language Journal","issn_l":"0026-7902","issn":["0026-7902","1540-4781"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Modern Language Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155971","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059449406","display_name":"Ali Al Midhwah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ALI AL MIDHWAH","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Saud University, Arabic Linguistics Institute (ALI), Building 10, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Saud University, Arabic Linguistics Institute (ALI), Building 10, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062077023","display_name":"Mohammad T. Alhawary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-074X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-074X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"MOHAMMAD T. ALHAWARY","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Department of Middle East Studies, 202 S. Thayer Street, Suite 4111, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104-1608"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-074X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Department of Middle East Studies, 202 S. Thayer Street, Suite 4111, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104-1608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062077023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3259,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98168001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"2","first_page":"418","last_page":"438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14037","display_name":"Arabic Language Education Studies","score":0.75,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14037","display_name":"Arabic Language Education Studies","score":0.75,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.13210000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.09000000357627869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-diacritics","display_name":"Arabic diacritics","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowelization","display_name":"vowelization","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-as-a-second-language","display_name":"Arabic as a second language","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-speed","display_name":"reading speed","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-accuracy","display_name":"reading accuracy","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthographic-features","display_name":"orthographic features","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-materials","display_name":"teaching materials","score":0.6460000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.7237024307250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.6662673950195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6648958921432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132165367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34049","display_name":"Semitic languages","level":3,"score":0.6293177604675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6238543391227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91304198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9288","display_name":"Hebrew","level":2,"score":0.6170158386230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5837964415550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.5546122789382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5461916923522949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47053632140159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4686766266822815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4156862199306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40979087352752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38241416215896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36638402938842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/modl.12642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72851247","display_name":"Modern Language Journal","issn_l":"0026-7902","issn":["0026-7902","1540-4781"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Modern Language Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/155971","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155971","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/155971","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155971","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5385000109672546}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036768154.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036768154.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162761190","https://openalex.org/W605105935","https://openalex.org/W1263670709","https://openalex.org/W1484663152","https://openalex.org/W1502740004","https://openalex.org/W1596882232","https://openalex.org/W1963979760","https://openalex.org/W1984479064","https://openalex.org/W1994229501","https://openalex.org/W2003322067","https://openalex.org/W2007308432","https://openalex.org/W2008131081","https://openalex.org/W2016437885","https://openalex.org/W2024349951","https://openalex.org/W2045570628","https://openalex.org/W2047974014","https://openalex.org/W2048193045","https://openalex.org/W2050895601","https://openalex.org/W2060189414","https://openalex.org/W2060451083","https://openalex.org/W2073942425","https://openalex.org/W2079824254","https://openalex.org/W2084931971","https://openalex.org/W2100940719","https://openalex.org/W2112092185","https://openalex.org/W2113701025","https://openalex.org/W2136775334","https://openalex.org/W2137672528","https://openalex.org/W2147910629","https://openalex.org/W2155169464","https://openalex.org/W2169654449","https://openalex.org/W2341313918","https://openalex.org/W2372131720","https://openalex.org/W2475327235","https://openalex.org/W2511602240","https://openalex.org/W2749583588","https://openalex.org/W2895032263","https://openalex.org/W2966502501","https://openalex.org/W2979217231","https://openalex.org/W4249564221"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2895032263","https://openalex.org/W7161585402","https://openalex.org/W2470490062","https://openalex.org/W2775381564","https://openalex.org/W7124241396","https://openalex.org/W7056137071","https://openalex.org/W3128121008","https://openalex.org/W2885525423","https://openalex.org/W7139934350","https://openalex.org/W7154900197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,100,165],"present":[2],"study":[3,166],"investigated":[4],"the":[5,48,69],"role":[6,117],"of":[7,28,36,55,118,122,132],"Arabic":[8,17,29,37,123,145],"diacritics":[9,119,133],"in":[10,47,104,120,134,163],"word":[11,124],"recognition":[12,125],"and":[13,23,44,68,89,96,126,136,160,168,180],"their":[14,112,158],"impact":[15],"on":[16],"L2":[18,30,34,146],"learners\u2019":[19],"reading":[20,127,159],"speed,":[21],"accuracy,":[22],"comprehension":[24,91],"at":[25],"different":[26],"stages":[27],"acquisition.":[31],"Fifty\u2010four":[32],"English":[33],"learners":[35,147],"from":[38,151],"3":[39],"proficiency":[40],"levels":[41],"(beginner,":[42],"intermediate,":[43],"advanced)":[45],"participated":[46],"study.":[49],"They":[50],"belonged":[51],"to":[52,60,74,174],"2":[53],"sets":[54],"groups:":[56],"half":[57,71],"with":[58,72],"exposure":[59,73],"instructional":[61,75,139],"materials":[62,76,140],"containing":[63,78],"diacritics,":[64,79],"vowelized":[65,94],"textbook":[66,81],"(VT),":[67],"other":[70,175],"not":[77,142],"un\u2010vowelized":[80,97],"(UVT).":[82],"Participants":[83],"performed":[84],"word\u2010list":[85],"reading,":[86,88],"text":[87],"target\u2010word":[90],"tasks":[92],"under":[93],"(V)":[95],"(UV)":[98],"conditions.":[99],"results":[101],"revealed":[102],"participants":[103],"all":[105],"VT":[106],"groups":[107],"did":[108],"consistently":[109],"better":[110],"than":[111],"UVT":[113],"counterparts.":[114],"This":[115],"positive":[116],"terms":[121],"performance":[128,162],"implies":[129],"that":[130],"inclusion":[131],"words":[135],"texts":[137],"within":[138],"does":[141],"only":[143],"benefit":[144],"by":[148],"removing":[149],"ambiguity":[150],"words,":[152],"but":[153],"it":[154],"also":[155,172],"positively":[156],"impacts":[157],"pronunciation":[161],"general.":[164],"findings":[167],"pedagogical":[169],"implications":[170],"are":[171],"relevant":[173],"languages,":[176],"such":[177],"as":[178],"Farsi":[179],"Hebrew,":[181],"which":[182],"exhibit":[183],"similar":[184],"orthographic":[185],"features.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-06-25T00:00:00"}