{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036145262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","title":"The United States\u2019 Zero Tolerance Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Structural Violence","display_name":"The United States\u2019 Zero Tolerance Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Structural Violence","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036145262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","mag":"3036145262"},"language":"id","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","pdf_url":"https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/download/17975/10725","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210182530","display_name":"Jurnal Global & Strategis","issn_l":"1907-9729","issn":["1907-9729","2442-9600"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315151","host_organization_name":"Airlangga University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315151"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Airlangga University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Global &amp; Strategis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/download/17975/10725","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012110997","display_name":"Karina Utami Dewi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-7419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-7419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35427347","display_name":"Islamic University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/000pmrk50","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karina Utami Dewi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Islam Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Islam Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075749572","display_name":"Desti Putri Cahyani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35427347","display_name":"Islamic University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/000pmrk50","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desti Putri Cahyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Islam Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Islam Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07592803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.40630000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.40630000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.3109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.17710000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-violence","display_name":"structural violence","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/johan-galtung","display_name":"Johan Galtung","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undocumented-immigrants","display_name":"undocumented immigrants","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights-violations","display_name":"human rights violations","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trump-administration","display_name":"Trump administration","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-enforcement","display_name":"immigration enforcement","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-and-punishment","display_name":"reward and punishment","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-immigration-policy","display_name":"United States immigration policy","score":0.4749999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.577244758605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5523086190223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.5309125185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776775276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156955","display_name":"Zero tolerance","level":2,"score":0.41684138774871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.34776076674461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.16532182693481445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","pdf_url":"https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/download/17975/10725","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210182530","display_name":"Jurnal Global & Strategis","issn_l":"1907-9729","issn":["1907-9729","2442-9600"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315151","host_organization_name":"Airlangga University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315151"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Airlangga University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Global &amp; Strategis","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.1.2020.31-44","pdf_url":"https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JGS/article/download/17975/10725","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210182530","display_name":"Jurnal Global & Strategis","issn_l":"1907-9729","issn":["1907-9729","2442-9600"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315151","host_organization_name":"Airlangga University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315151"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Airlangga University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Global &amp; Strategis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036145262.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036145262.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003879332","https://openalex.org/W2800042748","https://openalex.org/W2892808246","https://openalex.org/W2946816077","https://openalex.org/W4248721309","https://openalex.org/W6651043079","https://openalex.org/W6821944151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2085009724","https://openalex.org/W1981921336","https://openalex.org/W1533735331","https://openalex.org/W1541548633","https://openalex.org/W2127838377","https://openalex.org/W4365800251","https://openalex.org/W1532372465","https://openalex.org/W1982499690","https://openalex.org/W791142109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Kebijakan":[0,28],"imigrasi":[1,29],"Zero":[2,160],"Tolerance":[3,161],"merupakan":[4],"salah":[5],"satu":[6],"bentuk":[7],"kebijakan":[8,61,87,132,142],"yang":[9,23,33,55,73,124,133,147],"diformulasikan":[10],"oleh":[11,75,90,106],"pemerintahan":[12],"Donald":[13,172],"Trump":[14,173],"dengan":[15,41,68,144],"tujuan":[16],"untuk":[17],"mengurangi":[18],"jumlah":[19],"imigran":[20,48],"tanpa":[21,49],"dokumen":[22,50],"memasuki":[24],"wilayah":[25],"Amerika":[26,91,107,139,158],"Serikat.":[27,92],"ini":[30,58,62,88,143],"menjadi":[31],"isu":[32],"mendapat":[34],"sorotan":[35],"dari":[36],"dunia":[37],"internasional":[38],"karena":[39],"sarat":[40],"pelanggaran":[42],"hak-hak":[43],"asasi":[44],"manusia,":[45],"dan":[46,78,127,151],"memosisikan":[47],"serta":[51,84,114],"anak-anak":[52],"dalam":[53,116,130],"keadaan":[54],"rentan.":[56],"Tulisan":[57],"mengelaborasi":[59],"bahwa":[60],"mengindikasikan":[63],"kekerasan":[64,82,101,135,156],"struktural":[65,83,102],"pada":[66,97,149],"penerapannya,":[67],"menggunakan":[69,145],"konsep":[70,117],"Kekerasan":[71,118],"Struktural":[72],"ditulis":[74],"Johan":[76,234],"Galtung,":[77,235],"mencoba":[79],"membuktikan":[80],"terjadinya":[81],"alasan":[85],"mengapa":[86],"dilakukan":[89,105],"Terdapat":[93],"tiga":[94],"argumen":[95],"utama":[96],"tulisan":[98],"ini;":[99],"pertama,":[100],"terbukti":[103],"telah":[104],"Serikat":[108,140,159],"dapat":[109],"dilihat":[110],"melalui":[111],"subjek,":[112],"objek,":[113],"tindakan":[115],"Struktural.":[119],"Kedua,":[120],"terdapat":[121],"faktor":[122],"pendorong":[123],"sifatnya":[125],"sengaja":[126,129],"tidak":[128],"melakukan":[131],"mengakibatkan":[134],"struktural.":[136],"Yang":[137],"ketiga,":[138],"menjalankan":[141],"pendekatan":[146],"menekankan":[148],"reward":[150,323],"punishment.":[152,325],"Kata-kata":[153],"kunci:":[154],"imigrasi,":[155],"struktural,":[157],"Immigration":[162],"Policy":[163],"is":[164,195,268],"one":[165],"form":[166],"of":[167,190,197,229,242,291],"policy":[168,185,217,250,316],"formulated":[169],"by":[170,233,254,276,317],"the":[171,180,203,216,227,240,246,255,277,283,289],"administration":[174],"to":[175,238],"reduce":[176],"undocumented":[177,204],"immigrants":[178,205],"entering":[179],"United":[181,256,278,311,330],"States.":[182,257],"This":[183,212],"immigration":[184],"has":[186,273],"become":[187],"an":[188,209,319],"issue":[189],"international":[191],"attention":[192],"because":[193],"it":[194],"full":[196],"human":[198],"rights":[199],"violations,":[200],"and":[201,206,236,245,286,298,324],"places":[202],"children":[207],"in":[208,223,263,282,288,301],"unsafe":[210],"condition.":[211],"paper":[213],"describes":[214],"that":[215,272,321],"mentioned":[218],"above":[219],"indicates":[220],"structural":[221,243,270,307,328],"violence":[222,244,271],"its":[224],"implementation,":[225],"employs":[226],"concept":[228,290],"Structural":[230,292],"Violence":[231],"written":[232],"tries":[237],"prove":[239],"occurrence":[241],"reasons":[247],"why":[248],"this":[249,264,303,315],"was":[251],"carried":[252],"out":[253,314],"There":[258],"are":[259,296],"three":[260],"main":[261],"arguments":[262],"paper;":[265],"first,":[266],"there":[267,295],"indeed":[269],"been":[274],"committed":[275],"States":[279,312,331],"as":[280],"observed":[281],"object,":[284],"subject,":[285],"actions":[287],"Violence.":[293],"Second,":[294],"intended":[297],"unintended":[299],"motivations":[300],"implementing":[302],"policy,":[304],"which":[305],"encouraged":[306],"violence.":[308],"Third,":[309],"The":[310],"carries":[313],"using":[318],"approach":[320],"emphasizes":[322],"Keywords:":[326],"immigration,":[327],"violence,":[329]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
