{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035899014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","title":"Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust & challenges of governance","display_name":"Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust & challenges of governance","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035899014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","mag":"3035899014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X20303067?via%3Dihub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149100181","display_name":"Technology in Society","issn_l":"0160-791X","issn":["0160-791X","1879-3274"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X20303067?via%3Dihub","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087793409","display_name":"Primavera De Filippi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5272-7856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5272-7856","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-747X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089888","display_name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques","ror":"https://ror.org/00abqs885","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117841876","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210089888","https://openalex.org/I4210150854"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Primavera De Filippi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkman-Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA","CERSA (Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques), Paris, 75005, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkman-Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERSA (Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques), Paris, 75005, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090707136","display_name":"Morshed Mannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-2173","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-2173"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Morshed Mannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University, Leiden, 2311 EZ, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University, Leiden, 2311 EZ, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066405772","display_name":"Wessel Reijers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-1587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-1587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wessel Reijers","raw_affiliation_strings":["European University Institute, Fiesole, 50014, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European University Institute, Fiesole, 50014, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090707136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":{"value":2110,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2110},"apc_paid":{"value":2110,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2110},"fwci":33.1947,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":479,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99801987,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"101284","last_page":"101284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust","display_name":"trust","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence","display_name":"confidence","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustless-systems","display_name":"trustless systems","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain-governance","display_name":"blockchain governance","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitcoin","display_name":"Bitcoin","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycentric-governance","display_name":"polycentric governance","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-governance","display_name":"constitutional governance","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-confidence","display_name":"procedural confidence","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2008-financial-crisis","display_name":"2008 financial crisis","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-crisis","display_name":"trust crisis","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9359082579612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.7373191118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4525749087333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3399868607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27905386686325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.15518945455551147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X20303067?via%3Dihub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149100181","display_name":"Technology in Society","issn_l":"0160-791X","issn":["0160-791X","1879-3274"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.31UKB_LEU:9940748928602711","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/139230","pdf_url":"https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/download/1887/139230/1?col=81522199720002711","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technology in Society, Vol. 62, no. 101284, p. 1-14","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.leidenuniv.nl:1887/139230","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/139230","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/139230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"62","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3069958","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/139230","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/139230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technology in Society","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03098449v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03098449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technology in Society, 2020, 62, pp.101284. ⟨10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:teinso:v:62:y:2020:i:c:s0160791x20303067","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X20303067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cadmus.eui.eu:1814/70072","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1814/70072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196332","display_name":"Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","host_organization_name":"European University Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/82d5383d-b4f8-4085-bafc-3b3947adec9d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/479669739/DeFilippiEtal2020TSBlockchainAsAConfidenceMachine.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"De Filippi, P, Mannan, M & Reijers, W 2020, 'Blockchain as a confidence machine : The problem of trust & challenges of governance', Technology in Society, vol. 62, 101284, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X20303067?via%3Dihub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149100181","display_name":"Technology in Society","issn_l":"0160-791X","issn":["0160-791X","1879-3274"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6087767350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"865856","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7475784098","display_name":"Global Citizenship Law: International Migration and Constitutional Identity","funder_award_id":"716350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035899014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035899014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":122,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17217136","https://openalex.org/W19722951","https://openalex.org/W66318346","https://openalex.org/W208109290","https://openalex.org/W570582447","https://openalex.org/W591898085","https://openalex.org/W602681897","https://openalex.org/W1488643923","https://openalex.org/W1492043831","https://openalex.org/W1495851879","https://openalex.org/W1498112155","https://openalex.org/W1505337087","https://openalex.org/W1507153772","https://openalex.org/W1512819087","https://openalex.org/W1533892525","https://openalex.org/W1541515907","https://openalex.org/W1553539844","https://openalex.org/W1558585115","https://openalex.org/W1604489340","https://openalex.org/W1658070729","https://openalex.org/W1723385598","https://openalex.org/W1891363781","https://openalex.org/W1915411235","https://openalex.org/W1951021953","https://openalex.org/W1969113511","https://openalex.org/W1976860309","https://openalex.org/W1987710704","https://openalex.org/W1993755359","https://openalex.org/W1994062728","https://openalex.org/W2002396328","https://openalex.org/W2006962930","https://openalex.org/W2009348094","https://openalex.org/W2035570108","https://openalex.org/W2035669333","https://openalex.org/W2038720843","https://openalex.org/W2044592362","https://openalex.org/W2047656735","https://openalex.org/W2048500668","https://openalex.org/W2048945999","https://openalex.org/W2051273256","https://openalex.org/W2056879201","https://openalex.org/W2058150518","https://openalex.org/W2063303425","https://openalex.org/W2076775574","https://openalex.org/W2083201648","https://openalex.org/W2087602650","https://openalex.org/W2112214475","https://openalex.org/W2112880115","https://openalex.org/W2113263415","https://openalex.org/W2116057227","https://openalex.org/W2118549945","https://openalex.org/W2118831350","https://openalex.org/W2128441044","https://openalex.org/W2147264455","https://openalex.org/W2170048845","https://openalex.org/W2203925131","https://openalex.org/W2241198670","https://openalex.org/W2292720017","https://openalex.org/W2296842867","https://openalex.org/W2301974562","https://openalex.org/W2347152587","https://openalex.org/W2475854473","https://openalex.org/W2534629335","https://openalex.org/W2559876587","https://openalex.org/W2559888240","https://openalex.org/W2582723196","https://openalex.org/W2593725966","https://openalex.org/W2616367087","https://openalex.org/W2738122318","https://openalex.org/W2738735790","https://openalex.org/W2745243245","https://openalex.org/W2790418303","https://openalex.org/W2799019616","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2809541244","https://openalex.org/W2810502508","https://openalex.org/W2840878813","https://openalex.org/W2885594683","https://openalex.org/W2896013446","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2903571258","https://openalex.org/W2905219012","https://openalex.org/W2907986389","https://openalex.org/W2910590934","https://openalex.org/W2921905865","https://openalex.org/W2933986653","https://openalex.org/W2948899134","https://openalex.org/W2967975808","https://openalex.org/W2968930688","https://openalex.org/W2972132048","https://openalex.org/W2974108063","https://openalex.org/W2974477156","https://openalex.org/W2974840235","https://openalex.org/W2981757038","https://openalex.org/W2996795847","https://openalex.org/W3003064366","https://openalex.org/W3011283647","https://openalex.org/W3016231223","https://openalex.org/W3121139784","https://openalex.org/W3123212178","https://openalex.org/W4206053153","https://openalex.org/W4206833603","https://openalex.org/W4210910267","https://openalex.org/W4213443024","https://openalex.org/W4232104802","https://openalex.org/W4232523505","https://openalex.org/W4233697649","https://openalex.org/W4234461570","https://openalex.org/W4237574036","https://openalex.org/W4239381699","https://openalex.org/W4243013262","https://openalex.org/W4246827104","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292908711","https://openalex.org/W4300887215","https://openalex.org/W6602701586","https://openalex.org/W6629645948","https://openalex.org/W6629676591","https://openalex.org/W6639499047","https://openalex.org/W6744868148","https://openalex.org/W6774574140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311618440","https://openalex.org/W7169618850","https://openalex.org/W4399832313","https://openalex.org/W4399708859","https://openalex.org/W2805215986","https://openalex.org/W2933986653","https://openalex.org/W3037899181","https://openalex.org/W4404185954","https://openalex.org/W2905068787","https://openalex.org/W6907329416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1,48,91,130],"was":[2],"created":[3],"as":[4,30,58],"a":[5,31,94,99,106,148,173],"response":[6],"to":[7,34,59,65,87,141,181,188],"the":[8,13,16,19,43,66,76,81,103,109,117,124,145,160,166,178,190,199],"trust":[9,113],"crisis":[10],"that":[11,89,128],"swept":[12],"world":[14],"in":[15,68,139,144,155,196],"wake":[17],"of":[18,46,70,83,108,112,147,165,175,193,198],"2008":[20],"financial":[21,36],"crisis.":[22],"Bitcoin":[23],"and":[24,38,85,114,116,136,163,184,204],"other":[25],"blockchain-based":[26,168,194],"systems":[27],"were":[28],"presented":[29],"\u201ctrustless\u201d":[32],"alternative":[33],"existing":[35],"institutions":[37],"even":[39],"governments.":[40],"Yet,":[41,151],"while":[42],"trustless":[44],"nature":[45],"blockchain":[47,61,90,129],"has":[49,55],"been":[50,56],"heavily":[51],"questioned,":[52],"little":[53],"research":[54],"done":[57],"what":[60],"technologies":[62],"actually":[63],"bring":[64],"table":[67],"place":[69],"trust.":[71,205],"This":[72],"article":[73,104,179],"draws":[74],"from":[75],"extensive":[77],"academic":[78],"discussion":[79],"on":[80,132,159],"concepts":[82],"\u201ctrust\u201d":[84],"\u201cconfidence\u201d":[86],"argue":[88],"is":[92,126],"not":[93],"\u2018trustless":[95],"technology\u2019":[96],"but":[97],"rather":[98],"\u2018confidence":[100],"machine\u2019.":[101],"First,":[102],"provides":[105],"review":[107],"multifaceted":[110],"conceptualisations":[111],"confidence,":[115],"relationship":[118],"between":[119,201],"these":[120],"two":[121],"concepts.":[122],"Second,":[123],"claim":[125],"made":[127],"relies":[131,158],"cryptographic":[133],"rules,":[134],"mathematics,":[135],"game-theoretical":[137],"incentives":[138],"order":[140],"increase":[142,154],"confidence":[143,156,203],"operations":[146],"computational":[149],"system.":[150],"such":[152],"an":[153],"ultimately":[157],"proper":[161],"operation":[162],"governance":[164,186,191],"underlying":[167],"network,":[169],"which":[170],"requires":[171],"trusting":[172],"variety":[174],"actors.":[176],"Third,":[177],"turns":[180],"legal,":[182],"constitutional":[183],"polycentric":[185],"theory":[187],"explore":[189],"challenges":[192],"systems,":[195],"light":[197],"tension":[200],"procedural":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":120},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2020-06-25T00:00:00"}