{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034652001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","title":"Economic burden of smoking attributed illnesses in Pakistan","display_name":"Economic burden of smoking attributed illnesses in Pakistan","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034652001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","mag":"3034652001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/17/2020.06.15.20131425.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/17/2020.06.15.20131425.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103249845","display_name":"Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6365-5520","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6365-5520"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139163214","display_name":"Pakistan Health Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02azsay93","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Sector G-5/2, Constitution Avenue, Sharah-e- Jamhuriat, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Sector G-5/2, Constitution Avenue, Sharah-e- Jamhuriat, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103910937","display_name":"Ashar Malik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118185606","display_name":"Aga Khan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gd0dm95","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118185606","https://openalex.org/I4210114929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashar Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aga Khan University, Karachi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aga Khan University, Karachi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118185606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022961415","display_name":"Ibrar Rafique","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139163214","display_name":"Pakistan Health Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02azsay93","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrar Rafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Sector G-5/2, Constitution Avenue, Sharah-e- Jamhuriat, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Sector G-5/2, Constitution Avenue, Sharah-e- Jamhuriat, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103229220","display_name":"Faiz Ahmed Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8748-7741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8748-7741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176884743","display_name":"Fatima Jinnah Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/051cp7s36","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176884743"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiz Ahmed Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["PHRC Research Centre, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PHRC Research Centre, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176884743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Obaidullah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143794436","display_name":"Khyber Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01vr7z878","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143794436","https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Obaidullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["PHRC Research Centre, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PHRC Research Centre, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143794436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087376725","display_name":"Shaimuna Fareeha Sajjad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312300495","display_name":"Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00952fj37","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312300495"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaimuna Fareeha Sajjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["PHRC Research Centre, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PHRC Research Centre, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312300495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086921211","display_name":"Sumera Abid","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139163214","display_name":"Pakistan Health Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02azsay93","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumera Abid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Sector G-5/2, Constitution Avenue, Sharah-e- Jamhuriat, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Sector G-5/2, Constitution Avenue, Sharah-e- Jamhuriat, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069718653","display_name":"Rukhsana Majid","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801016671","display_name":"Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04karqd05","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801016671"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rukhsana Majid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences, Quetta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences, Quetta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801016671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110535012","display_name":"Tahira Kamal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801016671","display_name":"Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04karqd05","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801016671"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahira Kamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences, Quetta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences, Quetta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801016671"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111993094","display_name":"Ziauddin Islam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120744","display_name":"Ministry of National Health Services Regulation and Coordination","ror":"https://ror.org/02kyv4s47","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800666866","https://openalex.org/I4210120744"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziauddin Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tobacco Control Cell, Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tobacco Control Cell, Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120744"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103249845"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139163214"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-burden-of-smoking","display_name":"economic burden of smoking","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-pocket-healthcare-expenditure","display_name":"out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"lung cancer","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease","display_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease","display_name":"cardiovascular disease","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-control","display_name":"tobacco control","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.7279999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780832096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005010","display_name":"Tobacco control","level":3,"score":0.7779647707939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.7553735971450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7364811301231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145096142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333450","display_name":"Economic cost","level":2,"score":0.641099214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780664029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282120","display_name":"Disease burden","level":3,"score":0.6247597932815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5816280245780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020448403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282120","display_name":"Burden of disease","level":3,"score":0.525340735912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6964187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659256","display_name":"Indirect costs","level":2,"score":0.501859188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.49155697226524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.48214003443717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.45599788427352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4170607030391693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15152934193611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.13343548774719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.09265914559364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0811997652053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/17/2020.06.15.20131425.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/17/2020.06.15.20131425.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034652001.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034652001.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94326142","https://openalex.org/W2044472975","https://openalex.org/W2053566092","https://openalex.org/W2059148709","https://openalex.org/W2059990443","https://openalex.org/W2099431176","https://openalex.org/W2105058172","https://openalex.org/W2107136449","https://openalex.org/W2113763079","https://openalex.org/W2138012413","https://openalex.org/W2144903711","https://openalex.org/W2151190803","https://openalex.org/W2152564606","https://openalex.org/W2279350908","https://openalex.org/W2620448624","https://openalex.org/W2749893529","https://openalex.org/W2760497244","https://openalex.org/W2765424996","https://openalex.org/W2789693444","https://openalex.org/W2915282903","https://openalex.org/W2967096583","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311677766","https://openalex.org/W2105141950","https://openalex.org/W2580877667","https://openalex.org/W2760497244","https://openalex.org/W2279350908","https://openalex.org/W2138012413","https://openalex.org/W3065265765","https://openalex.org/W2154813114","https://openalex.org/W3129917342","https://openalex.org/W2788919158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,101,155],"estimates":[3],"of":[4,40,82,98,144,149],"economic":[5,115,147,156,173],"burden":[6,50,116,174],"due":[7,175],"to":[8,15,118,176],"smoking":[9,48,119],"attributed":[10,45,66,117,151,178],"illnesses":[11,46,67,121,152,179],"provide":[12],"an":[13],"opportunity":[14],"assess":[16],"its":[17],"overall":[18],"impact":[19],"on":[20,43,131],"the":[21,96,107,114,145],"economy":[22],"and":[23,47,75,88],"generate":[24],"evidence":[25],"for":[26,31],"public":[27],"health":[28],"policy":[29],"interventions":[30],"tobacco":[32,44,65,150,177,188],"control.":[33],"In":[34,112],"this":[35],"study,":[36],"we":[37],"estimated":[38,93],"out":[39,81],"pocket":[41,83],"expenditures":[42,85],"attributable":[49],"in":[51,153,158,180],"Pakistan.":[52,154],"Methods":[53],"We":[54],"used":[55],"a":[56,171],"prevalence-based":[57],"disease-specific":[58],"cost":[59,148,157],"approach":[60],"by":[61,94,106,186],"including":[62,86],"three":[63,162],"major":[64],"i.e.":[68],"lung":[69],"cancer,":[70],"chronic":[71],"obstructive":[72],"pulmonary":[73],"disease,":[74],"cardiovascular":[76,132],"diseases.":[77],"Our":[78,168],"analysis":[79],"included":[80],"healthcare":[84],"direct":[87],"indirect":[89],"costs":[90],"which":[91,141,182],"were":[92],"interviewing":[95],"patients":[97],"selected":[99],"illnesses.":[100],"smoking-attributable":[102],"expenditure":[103,130],"was":[104,122,134,142,160],"calculated":[105],"WHO":[108],"tool":[109],"kit.":[110],"Results":[111],"2018,":[113],"related":[120],"Rs":[123,135],"192":[124],"billion":[125,137],"(USD":[126,138],"1.3":[127],"billion).":[128],"Smoking-attributable":[129],"disease":[133],"123":[136],"0.9":[139],"billion)":[140],"69%":[143],"total":[146],"males":[159],"nearly":[161],"times":[163],"higher":[164],"than":[165],"females.":[166],"Conclusions":[167],"study":[169],"showed":[170],"significant":[172],"Pakistan":[181],"can":[183],"be":[184],"prevented":[185],"implementing":[187],"control":[189],"policies":[190],"effectively.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2020-06-19T00:00:00"}