{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034636629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","title":"Populism and Leader Polarization in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Turkey","display_name":"Populism and Leader Polarization in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Turkey","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034636629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","mag":"3034636629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.25148/etd.fidc007060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5244&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196488","display_name":"FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","host_organization_name":"Florida International University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Florida International University","raw_type":"dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5244&context=etd","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039134427","display_name":"Or\u00e7un Sel\u00e7uk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-8102","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-8102"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39398033","display_name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador","ror":"https://ror.org/02qztda51","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39398033"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121451","display_name":"Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Ecuador","ror":"https://ror.org/02rz0r794","country_code":"EC","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146931","display_name":"Universidad Andina Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar","ror":"https://ror.org/03jrrzr69","country_code":"BO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153497","display_name":"Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administraci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/0580grj78","country_code":"VE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153497"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405392","display_name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9tma90","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82002896","display_name":"Universidad Central de Venezuela","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacnm89","country_code":"VE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82002896"]}],"countries":["BO","EC","TR","US","VE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Orcun Selcuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University","Florida International University, 2019 Miami","Leon. In Caracas, Quito, and Istanbul,","Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Universidad Andina Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, and Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","libraries of Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Central de Venezuela (IESA), Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Ecuador (FLACSO),"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University, 2019 Miami","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leon. In Caracas, Quito, and Istanbul,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Universidad Andina Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, and Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39398033","https://openalex.org/I4210146931","https://openalex.org/I4405392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"libraries of Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Central de Venezuela (IESA), Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Ecuador (FLACSO),","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121451","https://openalex.org/I4210153497","https://openalex.org/I82002896"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039134427"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959","https://openalex.org/I39398033","https://openalex.org/I4210121451","https://openalex.org/I4210146931","https://openalex.org/I4210153497","https://openalex.org/I4405392","https://openalex.org/I82002896"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10777","display_name":"Politics and Society in Latin America","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.009499999694526196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/populism","display_name":"populism","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-backsliding","display_name":"democratic backsliding","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarianism","display_name":"authoritarianism","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hugo-chavez","display_name":"Hugo Ch\u00e1vez","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rafael-correa","display_name":"Rafael Correa","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recep-tayyip-erdogan","display_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venezuela","display_name":"Venezuela","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecuador","display_name":"Ecuador","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkey","display_name":"Turkey","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-polarization","display_name":"elite polarization","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-opinion","display_name":"public opinion","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-interest","display_name":"political interest","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-evaluation","display_name":"economic evaluation","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-group-and-out-group","display_name":"in-group and out-group","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526877150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180490","display_name":"Populism","level":3,"score":0.7986872792243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.685878574848175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.6804843544960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68346564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229","display_name":"Authoritarianism","level":4,"score":0.6104037761688232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5827764868736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124198","display_name":"Affection","level":2,"score":0.550685465335846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5068603157997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4836231768131256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.4593075215816498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37285369634628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.28346866369247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21602913737297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15743502974510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.25148/etd.fidc007060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5244&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196488","display_name":"FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","host_organization_name":"Florida International University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Florida International University","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.fiu.edu:12698","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://digitalscholarship.fiu.edu/record/12698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401637","display_name":"Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","host_organization_name":"Florida International University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://digitalscholarship.fiu.edu/record/12698","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.fiu.edu:etd-5244","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/4061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401637","display_name":"Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","host_organization_name":"Florida International University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.25148/etd.fidc007060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc007060","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5244&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196488","display_name":"FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","host_organization_name":"Florida International University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Florida International University","raw_type":"dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309993","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312151","display_name":"Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcjrc42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034636629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034636629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":248,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27201535","https://openalex.org/W105664592","https://openalex.org/W132993112","https://openalex.org/W169509878","https://openalex.org/W199238147","https://openalex.org/W292887884","https://openalex.org/W347140251","https://openalex.org/W564181333","https://openalex.org/W565534527","https://openalex.org/W575640949","https://openalex.org/W579972586","https://openalex.org/W595570067","https://openalex.org/W601885399","https://openalex.org/W644527914","https://openalex.org/W1154465783","https://openalex.org/W1481749143","https://openalex.org/W1482429917","https://openalex.org/W1484415372","https://openalex.org/W1502215883","https://openalex.org/W1502798522","https://openalex.org/W1503370660","https://openalex.org/W1505483790","https://openalex.org/W1508171801","https://openalex.org/W1509383136","https://openalex.org/W1524061667","https://openalex.org/W1531666495","https://openalex.org/W1532011672","https://openalex.org/W1533369859","https://openalex.org/W1540624329","https://openalex.org/W1559198035","https://openalex.org/W1574735272","https://openalex.org/W1580707357","https://openalex.org/W1595106591","https://openalex.org/W1607913833","https://openalex.org/W1858975100","https://openalex.org/W1870176851","https://openalex.org/W1903148141","https://openalex.org/W1963499655","https://openalex.org/W1963724449","https://openalex.org/W1964973813","https://openalex.org/W1965514514","https://openalex.org/W1967639824","https://openalex.org/W1968169164","https://openalex.org/W1969675050","https://openalex.org/W1969831972","https://openalex.org/W1973978790","https://openalex.org/W1979219610","https://openalex.org/W1980565545","https://openalex.org/W1982561415","https://openalex.org/W1983244720","https://openalex.org/W1988430196","https://openalex.org/W1990046180","https://openalex.org/W1992224709","https://openalex.org/W1993898396","https://openalex.org/W1994207228","https://openalex.org/W1996506394","https://openalex.org/W1997158452","https://openalex.org/W1999057994","https://openalex.org/W2001514567","https://openalex.org/W2002082079","https://openalex.org/W2002780091","https://openalex.org/W2004042293","https://openalex.org/W2005442980","https://openalex.org/W2009575964","https://openalex.org/W2009952390","https://openalex.org/W2013830632","https://openalex.org/W2020851773","https://openalex.org/W2021254851","https://openalex.org/W2027153681","https://openalex.org/W2027626205","https://openalex.org/W2030623797","https://openalex.org/W2037935135","https://openalex.org/W2039397881","https://openalex.org/W2041434958","https://openalex.org/W2042620638","https://openalex.org/W2053542901","https://openalex.org/W2053650252","https://openalex.org/W2055820806","https://openalex.org/W2057002310","https://openalex.org/W2059305889","https://openalex.org/W2074338790","https://openalex.org/W2076744556","https://openalex.org/W2077556346","https://openalex.org/W2079210827","https://openalex.org/W2079269244","https://openalex.org/W2080056892","https://openalex.org/W2081140368","https://openalex.org/W2081389592","https://openalex.org/W2083277050","https://openalex.org/W2083675395","https://openalex.org/W2087789171","https://openalex.org/W2094042936","https://openalex.org/W2094750331","https://openalex.org/W2095792561","https://openalex.org/W2097786988","https://openalex.org/W2101554928","https://openalex.org/W2103146267","https://openalex.org/W2103449381","https://openalex.org/W2103519322","https://openalex.org/W2117535249","https://openalex.org/W2118731597","https://openalex.org/W2120192219","https://openalex.org/W2123624210","https://openalex.org/W2126000653","https://openalex.org/W2128136683","https://openalex.org/W2128414273","https://openalex.org/W2129667846","https://openalex.org/W2132296846","https://openalex.org/W2134701408","https://openalex.org/W2137029365","https://openalex.org/W2137998590","https://openalex.org/W2141951329","https://openalex.org/W2142174043","https://openalex.org/W2142345862","https://openalex.org/W2143523124","https://openalex.org/W2143646542","https://openalex.org/W2143686424","https://openalex.org/W2146829611","https://openalex.org/W2146932553","https://openalex.org/W2148515629","https://openalex.org/W2148762689","https://openalex.org/W2149893809","https://openalex.org/W2153887076","https://openalex.org/W2157772758","https://openalex.org/W2159850696","https://openalex.org/W2161004757","https://openalex.org/W2162746369","https://openalex.org/W2163719564","https://openalex.org/W2167487632","https://openalex.org/W2170152082","https://openalex.org/W2170928597","https://openalex.org/W2174253539","https://openalex.org/W2204621010","https://openalex.org/W2208155557","https://openalex.org/W2218998822","https://openalex.org/W2243375556","https://openalex.org/W2278934842","https://openalex.org/W2287197671","https://openalex.org/W2293201281","https://openalex.org/W2296297756","https://openalex.org/W2308341436","https://openalex.org/W2313330686","https://openalex.org/W2314508890","https://openalex.org/W2315464466","https://openalex.org/W2317436519","https://openalex.org/W2319721861","https://openalex.org/W2331690141","https://openalex.org/W2332816485","https://openalex.org/W2335774726","https://openalex.org/W2336337535","https://openalex.org/W2336945862","https://openalex.org/W2339623136","https://openalex.org/W2343060349","https://openalex.org/W2345030807","https://openalex.org/W2345744698","https://openalex.org/W2406007299","https://openalex.org/W2415814235","https://openalex.org/W2468866479","https://openalex.org/W2472163580","https://openalex.org/W2476592755","https://openalex.org/W2487927324","https://openalex.org/W2493442713","https://openalex.org/W2496868659","https://openalex.org/W2497612783","https://openalex.org/W2501237623","https://openalex.org/W2503172670","https://openalex.org/W2503333480","https://openalex.org/W2504896247","https://openalex.org/W2505799177","https://openalex.org/W2508241210","https://openalex.org/W2530813490","https://openalex.org/W2534143925","https://openalex.org/W2557454593","https://openalex.org/W2561427996","https://openalex.org/W2563992873","https://openalex.org/W2586326365","https://openalex.org/W2606256248","https://openalex.org/W2607769416","https://openalex.org/W2607917502","https://openalex.org/W2612129174","https://openalex.org/W2618167988","https://openalex.org/W2618995565","https://openalex.org/W2625297621","https://openalex.org/W2626667707","https://openalex.org/W2737677867","https://openalex.org/W2746075764","https://openalex.org/W2765516535","https://openalex.org/W2767965519","https://openalex.org/W2768353731","https://openalex.org/W2768680613","https://openalex.org/W2782609826","https://openalex.org/W2782803477","https://openalex.org/W2784157042","https://openalex.org/W2786883798","https://openalex.org/W2789394316","https://openalex.org/W2798154493","https://openalex.org/W2894327971","https://openalex.org/W2895007713","https://openalex.org/W2898219214","https://openalex.org/W2898479354","https://openalex.org/W2905142763","https://openalex.org/W3121453994","https://openalex.org/W3124279018","https://openalex.org/W3125647857","https://openalex.org/W3126005798","https://openalex.org/W3141812806","https://openalex.org/W3165367686","https://openalex.org/W3165979999","https://openalex.org/W3185997694","https://openalex.org/W3191180320","https://openalex.org/W3211427285","https://openalex.org/W3213155382","https://openalex.org/W4206756918","https://openalex.org/W4214606111","https://openalex.org/W4229752602","https://openalex.org/W4229795649","https://openalex.org/W4230994538","https://openalex.org/W4238828571","https://openalex.org/W4241086216","https://openalex.org/W4245148029","https://openalex.org/W4247762265","https://openalex.org/W4249254671","https://openalex.org/W4251608381","https://openalex.org/W4286447208","https://openalex.org/W4299574924","https://openalex.org/W4300132280","https://openalex.org/W4300656826","https://openalex.org/W4300868572","https://openalex.org/W4301041806","https://openalex.org/W4301960226","https://openalex.org/W4302806327","https://openalex.org/W4302943659","https://openalex.org/W4360605852","https://openalex.org/W4387186182","https://openalex.org/W4388141780","https://openalex.org/W4388318253","https://openalex.org/W4411756632","https://openalex.org/W6607489453","https://openalex.org/W6608158602","https://openalex.org/W6640441865","https://openalex.org/W6644386671","https://openalex.org/W6670228517","https://openalex.org/W6678870394","https://openalex.org/W6802722564","https://openalex.org/W6820994940","https://openalex.org/W6927256050","https://openalex.org/W7015045996","https://openalex.org/W7018250973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242028886","https://openalex.org/W4285412924","https://openalex.org/W2996249257","https://openalex.org/W7161954818","https://openalex.org/W2244804166","https://openalex.org/W6986536904","https://openalex.org/W2970971369","https://openalex.org/W4404452955","https://openalex.org/W7071473392","https://openalex.org/W4392830430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"dissertation":[1,62,98,162,212],"studies":[2],"the":[3,28,37,56,61,64,72,75,78,97,106,145,157,161,175,194,208,211,215],"extent":[4],"of":[5,30,46,58,69,74,108,177,182,193,199,210],"polarization":[6,32,91,110,143],"in":[7,111],"Venezuela":[8],"under":[9,14,20],"Hugo":[10],"Ch\u00e1vez":[11],"(1999-2013),":[12],"Ecuador":[13],"Rafael":[15],"Correa":[16],"(2007-2017),":[17],"and":[18,50,77,83,101,114,125,135,166,170,190,205,220],"Turkey":[19],"Recep":[21],"Tayyip":[22],"Erdo\u011fan":[23,126],"(2002-2015).":[24],"Theoretically,":[25],"it":[26,120,139],"develops":[27],"concept":[29],"leader":[31,59,90,109,142,178],"to":[33,93,104,132,172,214],"describe":[34],"cases":[35],"where":[36],"elite":[38],"or/and":[39],"public":[40,158],"opinion":[41,159],"polarize":[42],"over":[43],"their":[44],"levels":[45],"affection":[47,201],"toward":[48,71,152,202],"charismatic":[49],"dominant":[51],"chief":[52],"executives.":[53],"To":[54],"explain":[55],"occurrence":[57],"polarization,":[60,218],"unpacks":[63],"inclusionary":[65],"vs.":[66,130],"exclusionary":[67],"nature":[68],"populism":[70],"members":[73],"in-group":[76],"out-group":[79],"on":[80,217],"symbolic,":[81],"political,":[82],"material":[84],"levels.":[85],"It":[86],"also":[87],"examines":[88],"how":[89,122,141],"contributes":[92],"democratic":[94],"backsliding.":[95],"Empirically,":[96],"uses":[99,163],"qualitative":[100,117],"quantitative":[102],"methodologies":[103],"understand":[105],"dynamics":[107],"Venezuela,":[112],"Ecuador,":[113],"Turkey.":[115],"Through":[116],"case":[118],"studies,":[119],"describes":[121],"Ch\u00e1vez,":[123,203],"Correa,":[124,204],"simultaneously":[127],"offered":[128],"inclusion":[129],"exclusion":[131],"chavistas/corre\u00edstas/pro-Erdo\u011fan":[133],"groups":[134],"anti-chavistas/anti-corre\u00edstas/anti-Erdo\u011fan":[136],"groups.":[137],"Furthermore,":[138],"discusses":[140],"pushed":[144],"three":[146],"countries":[147],"away":[148],"from":[149],"liberal":[150],"democracy":[151],"an":[153],"authoritarian":[154],"direction.":[155],"At":[156],"level,":[160],"LAPOP,":[164],"KONDA,":[165],"CSES":[167],"survey":[168],"data":[169],"aims":[171],"find":[173],"out":[174],"predictors":[176],"polarization.":[179],"The":[180],"results":[181],"multinomial":[183],"logistic":[184],"regressions":[185],"reveal":[186],"that":[187],"political":[188],"interest":[189],"sociotropic":[191],"evaluations":[192],"economy":[195],"predict":[196],"individuals\u2019":[197],"expression":[198],"extreme":[200],"Erdo\u011fan.":[206],"Overall,":[207],"findings":[209],"contribute":[213],"literature":[216],"populism,":[219],"democratization.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-06-19T00:00:00"}