{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033723712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","title":"Surface Identification of Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Cement-Treated Reflective Cracks Using Convolutional Neural Network and Artificial Neural Networks","display_name":"Surface Identification of Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Cement-Treated Reflective Cracks Using Convolutional Neural Network and Artificial Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033723712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","mag":"3033723712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235452","display_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering Part B Pavements","issn_l":"2573-5438","issn":["2573-5438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/civil_engineering_pubs/81","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009641915","display_name":"Nirmal Dhakal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6912-3090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6912-3090"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirmal Dhakal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3256 Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3256 Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035777065","display_name":"Zia U. A. Zihan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-1582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-1582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zia U. A. Zihan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3256 Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. ORCID: ","Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3256 Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-1582"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-1582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3256 Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. ORCID: ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3256 Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-1582","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031640032","display_name":"Mostafa A. Elseifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-6873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-6873"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa A. Elseifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Occidental Chemical Corporation Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3240N Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (corresponding author). ORCID: ","Occidental Chemical Corporation Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3240N Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-6873"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-6873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Occidental Chemical Corporation Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3240N Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (corresponding author). ORCID: ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Occidental Chemical Corporation Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ., 3240N Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-6873","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086653604","display_name":"Momen R. Mousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1723-364X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1723-364X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269997","display_name":"Transportation Consortium of South-Central States","ror":"https://ror.org/05vc75v50","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269997"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Momen R. Mousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postdoctoral Research Associate-Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (Tran-SET) UTC, Dept. of Construction Management, Louisiana State Univ., 3320 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postdoctoral Research Associate-Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (Tran-SET) UTC, Dept. of Construction Management, Louisiana State Univ., 3320 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613","https://openalex.org/I4405269997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062785036","display_name":"Kevin Gaspard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-5784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-5784"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Gaspard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Pavement Research Engineer, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 4101 Gourrier Ave., Baton Rouge, LA 70808"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Pavement Research Engineer, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 4101 Gourrier Ave., Baton Rouge, LA 70808","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029568817","display_name":"Christophe N. Fillastre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-6519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-6519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272707","display_name":"Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04k3znt04","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272707"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe N. Fillastre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pavement Management Engineer, Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development, 1201 Capitol Access Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pavement Management Engineer, Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development, 1201 Capitol Access Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272707"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031640032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62143784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"147","issue":"1","first_page":"04020080","last_page":"04020080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflective-cracking","display_name":"reflective cracking","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-cracking","display_name":"top-down cracking","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-cracking","display_name":"bottom-up cracking","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-treated-base","display_name":"cement-treated base","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crack-detection","display_name":"crack detection","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crack-classification","display_name":"crack classification","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexible-pavement","display_name":"flexible pavement","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making-tools","display_name":"decision-making tools","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annual-average-daily-traffic","display_name":"annual average daily traffic","score":0.9020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7531380653381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6516482830047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5767678022384644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48111647367477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46951550245285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.4435931444168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.43146416544914246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41620147228240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3290541470050812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.16315290331840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.06941038370132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235452","display_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering Part B Pavements","issn_l":"2573-5438","issn":["2573-5438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.lsu.edu:civil_engineering_pubs-1080","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/civil_engineering_pubs/81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:civil_engineering_pubs-1080","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/civil_engineering_pubs/81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.lsu.edu:civil_engineering_pubs-1080","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/civil_engineering_pubs/81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613090004","https://openalex.org/W1516386264","https://openalex.org/W2005029343","https://openalex.org/W2008488233","https://openalex.org/W2017550618","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2115807591","https://openalex.org/W2117552096","https://openalex.org/W2128880484","https://openalex.org/W2130432690","https://openalex.org/W2132328270","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2144801789","https://openalex.org/W2146767113","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2511065100","https://openalex.org/W2609145024","https://openalex.org/W2757455114","https://openalex.org/W2758574519","https://openalex.org/W2786174052","https://openalex.org/W2808919226","https://openalex.org/W4242781936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281689439","https://openalex.org/W3194683814","https://openalex.org/W4303423622","https://openalex.org/W4405633077","https://openalex.org/W2808919226","https://openalex.org/W4392413494","https://openalex.org/W2884786778","https://openalex.org/W2794133009","https://openalex.org/W4384464501","https://openalex.org/W2979999579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transportation":[0],"agencies":[1],"often":[2],"need":[3],"to":[4,14,36,45,55,185],"differentiate":[5],"between":[6],"top-down":[7],"and":[8,19,22,44,59,82,100,128,151,165,191,196,216],"bottom-up":[9],"cracking":[10,63],"in":[11,193,213],"the":[12,25,108,168,173,194],"field":[13],"set":[15],"up":[16],"an":[17,139,187,205],"effective":[18],"targeted":[20],"schedule":[21],"budget":[23],"for":[24,64,107,163,176],"repair":[26],"of":[27,32,92,124,136,142,148,155,167,189,208],"these":[28,177],"cracks.":[29],"The":[30,68,88,131,179,200],"objective":[31],"this":[33],"study":[34],"was":[35,71,79,183],"formulate":[37],"a":[38,47,75,145,152],"convolutional":[39,94],"neural":[40,52],"networks":[41,53],"(CNN)":[42],"model":[43,70,110,170,182],"develop":[46],"decision-making":[48,202],"tool":[49,203],"using":[50,84],"artificial":[51],"(ANN)":[54],"identify":[56],"top-down,":[57],"bottom-up,":[58],"cement-treated":[60],"(CT)":[61],"reflective":[62],"in-service":[65],"flexible":[66],"pavements.":[67],"CNN":[69,181],"developed":[72,180],"by":[73],"modifying":[74],"pretrained":[76],"network,":[77],"which":[78],"fitted,":[80],"tested,":[81],"validated":[83],"200":[85],"pavement":[86,112,159],"images.":[87],"CNN\u2019s":[89],"architecture":[90,134],"consisted":[91,135],"five":[93],"layers":[95,99],"with":[96],"three":[97,101,137,156],"max-pooling":[98],"fully":[102],"connected":[103],"layers.":[104],"Input":[105],"variables":[106],"ANN":[109,132,169],"were":[111,161],"age,":[113],"asphalt":[114],"concrete":[115],"(AC)":[116],"thickness,":[117],"annual":[118],"average":[119],"daily":[120],"traffic":[121],"(AADT),":[122],"type":[123],"base,":[125],"crack":[126,129,214],"orientation,":[127],"location.":[130],"network":[133],"layers:":[138],"input":[140],"layer":[141,147,154],"six":[143],"neurons,":[144,150],"hidden":[146],"ten":[149],"target":[153],"neurons.":[157],"In-service":[158],"sections":[160],"selected":[162],"validation":[164,197],"testing":[166,195],"based":[171],"on":[172],"parameters":[174],"identified":[175],"sites.":[178],"found":[184],"achieve":[186],"accuracy":[188,207],"88.9%":[190],"86.7%":[192],"phases,":[198],"respectively.":[199],"ANN-based":[201],"achieved":[204],"overall":[206],"89.3%,":[209],"indicating":[210],"its":[211],"effectiveness":[212],"identification":[215],"classification.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-06-12T00:00:00"}