{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033639178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","title":"Detecting Troll Behavior via Inverse Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study of Russian Trolls in the 2016 US Election","display_name":"Detecting Troll Behavior via Inverse Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study of Russian Trolls in the 2016 US Election","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033639178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","mag":"3033639178"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/7311/7165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284482","display_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","issn_l":"2162-3449","issn":["2162-3449","2334-0770"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/7311/7165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088304530","display_name":"Luca Luceri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-7484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-7484"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Luceri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055844783","display_name":"Silvia Giordano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2603-9029","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2603-9029"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078699564","display_name":"Emilio Ferrara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-2831","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-2831"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Ferrara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.1569,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99318536,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"417","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.5576000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.5576000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.4065000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.031300000846385956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troll-detection","display_name":"troll detection","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"inverse reinforcement learning","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2016-us-presidential-election","display_name":"2016 US presidential election","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-manipulation","display_name":"social media manipulation","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/account-classification","display_name":"account classification","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation-campaigns","display_name":"disinformation campaigns","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-behavior-modeling","display_name":"user behavior modeling","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6383206844329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776129789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858439","display_name":"Presidential election","level":3,"score":0.6185005307197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5046583414077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.49860525131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.491072416305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4690924882888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4196017384529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.41237831115722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37633973360061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37582236528396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31982260942459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2277798354625702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17787876725196838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16844093799591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1328042447566986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/7311/7165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284482","display_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","issn_l":"2162-3449","issn":["2162-3449","2334-0770"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.10570","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10570","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.10570","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/7311","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/7311","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/7311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400155","display_name":"AAAI Publications (The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801652627","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801652627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media; Vol. 14 (2020): Fourteenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media; 417-427","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:3004185089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2001.html#abs-2001-10570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:boris.unibe.ch:146563","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/146563/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401747","display_name":"BORIS (University Library Bern)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210103840","host_organization_name":"Nakuru County Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103840"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Luceri, Luca; Giordano, Silvia; Ferrara, Emilio (June 2020). Detecting Troll Behavior via Inverse Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study of Russian Trolls in the 2016 US Election (In Press). In: 2020 International Conference of Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2020). Atlanta, USA. June 8-10 2020.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.10570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.10570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.10570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.7892/boris.146563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.146563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.146563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053152","display_name":"Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},{"id":"mag:3033818228","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/7311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420577","display_name":"National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7311","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/7311/7165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284482","display_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","issn_l":"2162-3449","issn":["2162-3449","2334-0770"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1072749480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2229863763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550\u201017\u20101\u20100327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G260750634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6981040410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D16AP00115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338463","display_name":"CHIST-ERA","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033639178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033639178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591675293","https://openalex.org/W1929981607","https://openalex.org/W1999874108","https://openalex.org/W2005967666","https://openalex.org/W2015613848","https://openalex.org/W2021247827","https://openalex.org/W2037607319","https://openalex.org/W2056614917","https://openalex.org/W2061562262","https://openalex.org/W2096135266","https://openalex.org/W2098774185","https://openalex.org/W2104167780","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2109742433","https://openalex.org/W2117675763","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2128891547","https://openalex.org/W2136903812","https://openalex.org/W2162009473","https://openalex.org/W2169498096","https://openalex.org/W2177382477","https://openalex.org/W2263846226","https://openalex.org/W2278635123","https://openalex.org/W2347074400","https://openalex.org/W2396489399","https://openalex.org/W2399902206","https://openalex.org/W2408574227","https://openalex.org/W2473006944","https://openalex.org/W2475634726","https://openalex.org/W2550819555","https://openalex.org/W2583516892","https://openalex.org/W2593259672","https://openalex.org/W2595521492","https://openalex.org/W2603417611","https://openalex.org/W2605286186","https://openalex.org/W2626583231","https://openalex.org/W2724523750","https://openalex.org/W2779695185","https://openalex.org/W2786091114","https://openalex.org/W2787037992","https://openalex.org/W2787296320","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2797351940","https://openalex.org/W2804526344","https://openalex.org/W2885316213","https://openalex.org/W2888571776","https://openalex.org/W2894309501","https://openalex.org/W2895649888","https://openalex.org/W2900289476","https://openalex.org/W2900936184","https://openalex.org/W2903202239","https://openalex.org/W2907352650","https://openalex.org/W2914064919","https://openalex.org/W2945053260","https://openalex.org/W2954482098","https://openalex.org/W2962899505","https://openalex.org/W2963062084","https://openalex.org/W2963896264","https://openalex.org/W2964976499","https://openalex.org/W2965970765","https://openalex.org/W2970908863","https://openalex.org/W3011120880","https://openalex.org/W3012039349","https://openalex.org/W3034078763","https://openalex.org/W3037924975","https://openalex.org/W3124887637","https://openalex.org/W3208901063","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4226065182","https://openalex.org/W4403451191","https://openalex.org/W6677916085","https://openalex.org/W6720681659","https://openalex.org/W6756380099","https://openalex.org/W6929481427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004185089","https://openalex.org/W4226298760","https://openalex.org/W4387451550","https://openalex.org/W2978127456","https://openalex.org/W6889405672","https://openalex.org/W3097400019","https://openalex.org/W3037924975","https://openalex.org/W3116749355","https://openalex.org/W4225570463","https://openalex.org/W2978258033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,15,23,42,51,118,123,127,133,142,156,160,170,174],"2016":[2,134],"US":[3,124,135],"Presidential":[4,136],"election,":[5],"social":[6],"media":[7],"abuse":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"eliciting":[11],"massive":[12],"concern":[13],"in":[14,33,98,132,155],"academic":[16],"community":[17],"and":[18,21,31,48,78,105,177],"beyond.":[19],"Preventing":[20],"limiting":[22],"malicious":[24],"activity":[25],"of":[26,38,44,54,89,129,163,169],"users,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"trolls":[30,176],"bots,":[32],"their":[34,109],"manipulation":[35],"campaigns":[36],"is":[37,57,145],"paramount":[39],"importance":[40],"for":[41],"integrity":[43],"democracy,":[45],"public":[46],"health,":[47],"more.":[49],"However,":[50],"automated":[52],"detection":[53],"troll":[55,76,80,104,119,150],"accounts":[56,120,151,164],"an":[58,66],"open":[59],"challenge.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we":[64,116],"propose":[65],"approach":[67,144],"based":[68],"on":[69],"Inverse":[70],"Reinforcement":[71],"Learning":[72],"(IRL)":[73],"to":[74,85,147],"capture":[75],"behavior":[77],"identify":[79],"accounts.":[81],"We":[82,138],"employ":[83],"IRL":[84],"infer":[86],"a":[87,113,166],"set":[88],"online":[90],"incentives":[91,175],"that":[92],"may":[93],"steer":[94],"user":[95],"behavior,":[96],"which":[97],"turn":[99],"highlights":[100],"behavioral":[101],"differences":[102,154],"between":[103,159],"non-troll":[106],"accounts,":[107],"enabling":[108],"accurate":[110],"classification.":[111],"As":[112],"study":[114],"case,":[115],"consider":[117],"identified":[121],"by":[122],"Congress":[125],"during":[126],"investigation":[128],"Russian":[130],"meddling":[131],"election.":[137],"report":[139],"promising":[140],"results:":[141],"IRL-based":[143],"able":[146],"accurately":[148],"detect":[149],"(AUC=89.1%).":[152],"The":[153],"predictive":[157],"features":[158],"two":[161],"classes":[162],"enables":[165],"principled":[167],"understanding":[168],"distinctive":[171],"behaviors":[172],"reflecting":[173],"non-trolls":[178],"respond":[179],"to.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-06-12T00:00:00"}