{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3032432495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","title":"Inequalities in access to water and soap matter for the COVID-19 response in sub-Saharan Africa","display_name":"Inequalities in access to water and soap matter for the COVID-19 response in sub-Saharan Africa","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3032432495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","mag":"3032432495","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32493409","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7267763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","pdf_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167257428","display_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","issn_l":"1475-9276","issn":["1475-9276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059459456","display_name":"Safia S Jiwani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-8858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-8858","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-8299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Safia S. Jiwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. sjiwani1@jhu.edu","Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-8858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. sjiwani1@jhu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077369846","display_name":"Daniel A. Antiporta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-3776","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-3776"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel A. Antiporta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059459456"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":2680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2680},"apc_paid":{"value":2680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2680},"fwci":7.417,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98208248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"82","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13032","display_name":"COVID-19 Prevention and Impact","score":0.12389999628067017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.024000000208616257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hand-hygiene","display_name":"hand hygiene","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwashing-with-soap","display_name":"handwashing with soap","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clean-water-access","display_name":"clean water access","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-inequality","display_name":"social inequality","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-wealth","display_name":"household wealth","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-differences","display_name":"urban-rural differences","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-pharmaceutical-interventions","display_name":"non-pharmaceutical interventions","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerable-populations","display_name":"vulnerable populations","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.616301417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.589926540851593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.5701434016227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.5578582286834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5210156440734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4799644947052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4662230312824249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.43882161378860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.43134814500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40432003140449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.36631277203559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3553354740142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.24950474500656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12833136320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.11341607570648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.09777870774269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012915","descriptor_name":"Soaps","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014881","descriptor_name":"Water Supply","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","pdf_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167257428","display_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","issn_l":"1475-9276","issn":["1475-9276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7267763","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7267763","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Equity Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:32493409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32493409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal for equity in health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7a779ca205b46948ea46aeef3badd66","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7a779ca205b46948ea46aeef3badd66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-3 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","pdf_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12939-020-01199-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167257428","display_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","issn_l":"1475-9276","issn":["1475-9276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3032432495.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3032432495.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2734938500","https://openalex.org/W2976301896","https://openalex.org/W3013238351","https://openalex.org/W3123765987","https://openalex.org/W4235401421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3049438394","https://openalex.org/W3041528539","https://openalex.org/W3037265080","https://openalex.org/W4386058889","https://openalex.org/W3025401950","https://openalex.org/W3042822394","https://openalex.org/W7046198429","https://openalex.org/W3174908726","https://openalex.org/W3025727743","https://openalex.org/W7140517069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"COVID-19":[1,151],"pandemic":[2],"has":[3],"spread":[4],"rapidly":[5],"since":[6,90],"the":[7,12,42,86,94,123,131,134,139,150,180],"first":[8],"case":[9],"notification":[10],"of":[11,79,96,111,133,138,161],"WHO":[13],"in":[14,54,66,82,93,136,142,153],"December":[15],"2019.":[16],"Lacking":[17],"an":[18,99],"effective":[19],"treatment,":[20],"countries":[21,81],"have":[22,31,65],"implemented":[23],"non-pharmaceutical":[24],"interventions":[25],"including":[26],"social":[27],"distancing":[28],"measures":[29],"and":[30,35,50,68,75,105,113,126,146,163],"encouraged":[32],"maintaining":[33],"adequate":[34],"frequent":[36],"hand":[37],"hygiene":[38],"to":[39,47,144,166,178],"slow":[40],"down":[41],"disease":[43],"transmission.":[44],"Although":[45],"access":[46,143,165],"clean":[48,167],"water":[49,104,145],"soap":[51,106,147,162],"is":[52],"universal":[53],"high-income":[55],"settings,":[56],"it":[57],"remains":[58],"a":[59],"basic":[60],"need":[61],"many":[62],"do":[63],"not":[64],"low-":[67],"middle-income":[69],"settings.We":[70],"analyzed":[71],"data":[72],"from":[73],"Demographic":[74],"Health":[76],"Surveys":[77],"(DHS)":[78],"16":[80],"sub-Saharan":[83,154],"Africa,":[84],"using":[85],"most":[87,137,181],"recent":[88],"survey":[89],"2015.":[91],"Differences":[92],"percentage":[95],"households":[97,125],"with":[98,103,170],"observed":[100],"handwashing":[101],"place":[102,110],"were":[107],"estimated":[108],"by":[109],"residence":[112],"wealth":[114],"quintiles.":[115],"Equiplots":[116],"showed":[117],"wide":[118],"within-country":[119],"disparities,":[120],"disproportionately":[121],"affecting":[122],"poorest":[124],"rural":[127],"residents,":[128],"who":[129],"represent":[130],"majority":[132],"population":[135],"countries.Social":[140],"inequalities":[141],"matter":[148],"for":[149],"response":[152],"Africa.":[155],"Interventions":[156],"such":[157],"as":[158],"mass":[159],"distribution":[160],"ensuring":[164],"water,":[168],"along":[169],"other":[171],"preventive":[172],"strategies":[173],"should":[174],"be":[175],"scaled":[176],"up":[177],"reach":[179],"vulnerable":[182],"populations.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-06-05T00:00:00"}