{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3032166109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","title":"The Sooner, the Better: The Early Economic Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"The Sooner, the Better: The Early Economic Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3032166109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","mag":"3032166109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464317","display_name":"World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110601803","display_name":"Asli Demirg\u00fc\u00e7\u2010Kunt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2107-5461","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2107-5461"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asli Demirguc-Kunt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076150769","display_name":"Michael M. Lokshin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0692-4872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0692-4872"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Lokshin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101777556","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n Torre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-4895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-4895"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iv\u00e1n Torre","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-pharmaceutical-interventions","display_name":"non-pharmaceutical interventions","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-impact","display_name":"economic impact","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-activity-decline","display_name":"economic activity decline","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-of-intervention","display_name":"intervention timing","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-consumption","display_name":"electricity consumption","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-dioxide-emissions","display_name":"nitrogen dioxide emissions","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobility-data","display_name":"mobility data","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-mortality","display_name":"COVID-19 mortality","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/europe-and-central-asia","display_name":"Europe and Central Asia","score":0.6610000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8334722518920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.8145020604133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5657737255096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5626733303070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5430597066879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35900482535362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.2574129104614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.08346801996231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07521837949752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.04665791988372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.04296639561653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.041536927223205566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464317","display_name":"World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9257","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/636851590495700748/pdf/The-Sooner-the-Better-The-Early-Economic-Impact-of-Non-Pharmaceutical-Interventions-during-the-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf","pdf_url":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/636851590495700748/pdf/The-Sooner-the-Better-The-Early-Economic-Impact-of-Non-Pharmaceutical-Interventions-during-the-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openknowledge.worldbank.org:10986/33820","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10986/33820","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10986/33820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196270","display_name":"The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","host_organization_name":"World Bank","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"mag:3123835091","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3611386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464317","display_name":"World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6299999952316284}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10902878","https://openalex.org/W1480329762","https://openalex.org/W1514940516","https://openalex.org/W1984315961","https://openalex.org/W2034636363","https://openalex.org/W2092451932","https://openalex.org/W2129284678","https://openalex.org/W2146585403","https://openalex.org/W3001195213","https://openalex.org/W3011183947","https://openalex.org/W3012960944","https://openalex.org/W3014412261","https://openalex.org/W3015106070","https://openalex.org/W3015934805","https://openalex.org/W3017072750","https://openalex.org/W3021219087","https://openalex.org/W3121671550","https://openalex.org/W3122675726","https://openalex.org/W3123991012","https://openalex.org/W3125333792","https://openalex.org/W3125664850","https://openalex.org/W4213021970","https://openalex.org/W4255238313","https://openalex.org/W4285715932","https://openalex.org/W4311192289","https://openalex.org/W4401906161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193670825","https://openalex.org/W3087681575","https://openalex.org/W4246863467","https://openalex.org/W3092017423","https://openalex.org/W4311192289","https://openalex.org/W3097233268","https://openalex.org/W3144409140","https://openalex.org/W3155169165","https://openalex.org/W3184167225","https://openalex.org/W3147491600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61,98],"size":[1],"of":[2,14,37,41,57,94,110,131,156,180],"the":[3,8,12,15,25,38,42,54,58,80,85,95,102,118,128,132,153,157,164,178,181,195,199,205,208],"economic":[4,27,39,81,96,115,139,209],"shocks":[5],"triggered":[6],"by":[7,46,84],"COVID-19":[9,59,175],"pandemic":[10,133],"and":[11,50,75,87,141,210],"effects":[13],"associated":[16],"non-pharmaceutical":[17,43,103,125,150,201],"interventions":[18,44,104,126,151,165,202],"have":[19,29,136,166],"not":[20,30],"been":[21,31,167,185],"fully":[22],"assessed,":[23],"because":[24,163],"official":[26],"indicators":[28],"published.":[32],"This":[33],"paper":[34],"provides":[35],"estimates":[36],"impacts":[40],"implemented":[45,124],"countries":[47,122,147,188],"in":[48,114,127,187],"Europe":[49],"Central":[51],"Asia":[52],"over":[53],"initial":[55],"stages":[56,130,155],"pandemic.":[60,158],"analysis":[62],"relies":[63],"on":[64],"high-frequency":[65],"proxies,":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68],"daily":[69],"electricity":[70],"consumption,":[71],"nitrogen":[72],"dioxide":[73],"emission,":[74],"mobility":[76],"records,":[77],"to":[78,91,106,135],"trace":[79],"disruptions":[82],"caused":[83],"pandemic,":[86],"calibrates":[88],"these":[89],"measures":[90],"estimate":[92],"magnitude":[93],"impact.":[97],"results":[99,196],"suggest":[100,197],"that":[101,123,148,174,189,198],"led":[105],"about":[107,111],"a":[108],"decline":[109],"10":[112],"percent":[113],"activity":[116],"across":[117],"region.":[119],"On":[120],"average,":[121],"early":[129],"appear":[134],"better":[137,206],"short-term":[138],"outcomes":[140],"lower":[142,186],"cumulative":[143],"mortality,":[144],"compared":[145],"with":[146],"imposed":[149],"during":[152],"later":[154],"In":[159,192],"part,":[160],"this":[161,193],"is":[162,172],"less":[168],"stringent.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"there":[171],"evidence":[173],"mortality":[176],"at":[177],"peak":[179],"local":[182],"outbreak":[183],"has":[184],"acted":[190],"earlier.":[191],"sense,":[194],"sooner":[200],"are":[203,207],"implemented,":[204],"health":[211],"outcomes.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2020-06-05T00:00:00"}
