{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3031353591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","title":"Effects of biochar and sewage sludge on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) yield and soil NO3- content in texturally different soils in Glen Valley, Botswana","display_name":"Effects of biochar and sewage sludge on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) yield and soil NO3- content in texturally different soils in Glen Valley, Botswana","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3031353591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","mag":"3031353591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5897/ajb2020.17146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","pdf_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/DC0DB1B63796.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118568332","display_name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY","issn_l":"1684-5315","issn":["1684-5315"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321074","host_organization_name":"Academic Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/DC0DB1B63796.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064052338","display_name":"Ugele Majaule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-8015","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-8015"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majaule Ugele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0704, Gaborone, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0704, Gaborone, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098480995","display_name":"Dikinya Oagile","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dikinya Oagile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0704, Gaborone, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0704, Gaborone, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023226227","display_name":"Baleseng Moseki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moseki Baleseng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0704, Gaborone, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0704, Gaborone, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027366737","display_name":"Bruno Glaser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-3868","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-3868"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68956291","display_name":"Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqaka33","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68956291"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glaser Bruno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agronomy and Nutritional Sciences, Soil Biogeochemistry, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agronomy and Nutritional Sciences, Soil Biogeochemistry, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68956291"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"287","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.9243000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.9243000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sewage-sludge","display_name":"sewage sludge","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinach","display_name":"spinach","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-yield","display_name":"crop yield","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-nitrate","display_name":"soil nitrate","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luvisols","display_name":"Luvisols","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cambisol","display_name":"Cambisol","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-texture","display_name":"soil texture","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphorus-uptake","display_name":"phosphorus uptake","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-nitrogen-fertilizer","display_name":"mineral nitrogen fertilizer","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-amendments","display_name":"organic amendments","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.4339999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776501588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901220","display_name":"Cambisol","level":3,"score":0.9768615961074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780859252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888968","display_name":"Sewage sludge","level":3,"score":0.7632201910018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.7546660900115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.6255680918693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5766704678535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.5729393362998962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780054949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421117","display_name":"Spinach","level":2,"score":0.5603393316268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148968","display_name":"Spinacia","level":4,"score":0.4489735960960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.4129263758659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58790150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10966166","display_name":"Sewage","level":2,"score":0.3780793845653534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.3680453896522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3454139828681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17264360189437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.09037795662879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.07161235809326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69305403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47263","display_name":"Chloroplast","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5897/ajb2020.17146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","pdf_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/DC0DB1B63796.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118568332","display_name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY","issn_l":"1684-5315","issn":["1684-5315"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321074","host_organization_name":"Academic Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5897/ajb2020.17146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17146","pdf_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/DC0DB1B63796.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118568332","display_name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY","issn_l":"1684-5315","issn":["1684-5315"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321074","host_organization_name":"Academic Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.958299994468689},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.833299994468689},{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4390000104904175}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3031353591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3031353591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292097066","https://openalex.org/W1509370748","https://openalex.org/W1664750117","https://openalex.org/W1798993537","https://openalex.org/W1967854910","https://openalex.org/W1970380130","https://openalex.org/W1973963075","https://openalex.org/W1986012427","https://openalex.org/W1990071299","https://openalex.org/W1996776990","https://openalex.org/W1997039217","https://openalex.org/W1997490480","https://openalex.org/W2010621767","https://openalex.org/W2012370634","https://openalex.org/W2012773836","https://openalex.org/W2015647292","https://openalex.org/W2022337965","https://openalex.org/W2023699949","https://openalex.org/W2024184454","https://openalex.org/W2030207196","https://openalex.org/W2037092224","https://openalex.org/W2039655163","https://openalex.org/W2039963815","https://openalex.org/W2049683810","https://openalex.org/W2060047424","https://openalex.org/W2061656902","https://openalex.org/W2063853070","https://openalex.org/W2074418670","https://openalex.org/W2075435443","https://openalex.org/W2083476778","https://openalex.org/W2093056867","https://openalex.org/W2093466786","https://openalex.org/W2094776461","https://openalex.org/W2110934367","https://openalex.org/W2126595087","https://openalex.org/W2129623720","https://openalex.org/W2133425177","https://openalex.org/W2137985616","https://openalex.org/W2139726233","https://openalex.org/W2145812278","https://openalex.org/W2167336735","https://openalex.org/W2167612725","https://openalex.org/W2319032873","https://openalex.org/W2323835979","https://openalex.org/W2464974679","https://openalex.org/W2601881403","https://openalex.org/W2619686258","https://openalex.org/W2890439172"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385128359","https://openalex.org/W3109382206","https://openalex.org/W2467859276","https://openalex.org/W2920341820","https://openalex.org/W4221128974","https://openalex.org/W7162957029","https://openalex.org/W3094979853","https://openalex.org/W2743557168","https://openalex.org/W4409146660","https://openalex.org/W6981332690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"effects":[1],"of":[2,23,35,81,112,177,217,225],"biochar":[3,36,90],"and":[4,14,42,86,116,148,166,183,190,204],"sewage":[5,43,67,181,194,230],"sludge":[6,44,68,85,165,182,195],"application":[7,91,176,216],"on":[8,62,187,201],"spinach":[9,199],"(Spinacia":[10],"oleracea":[11],"L.)":[12],"yield":[13,60,97,106,129],"soil":[15,125,146,167,232],"NO3-":[16,126,147,168],"content":[17,127],"were":[18,50,152],"investigated":[19],"in":[20,52,93,124,131,220],"typical":[21],"soils":[22],"Botswana":[24],"(Luvisol,":[25],"Cambisol)":[26],"under":[27],"field":[28],"conditions.":[29],"Ten":[30],"treatments":[31],"with":[32,75],"3":[33],"levels":[34],"(0,":[37,45],"2.5,":[38],"5":[39,87,184],"tons":[40],"ha-1)":[41,49],"6,":[46],"12":[47,72,191],"ton":[48],"applied":[51],"2":[53,99],"subsequent":[54,208],"seasons.":[55,100],"Significant":[56],"(p":[57,140,154],"<":[58,141],"0.05)":[59],"increase":[61,107],"the":[63,94,102,132,158,188,202],"Luvisol":[64,203],"occurred":[65,108],"if":[66],"was":[69,169],"added":[70],"at":[71],"Mg":[73,83,88,179,185,192],"ha-1":[74,84,89,180,186,193],"or":[76],"without":[77],"biochar.":[78],"A":[79],"combination":[80],"6":[82,178],"resulted":[92],"highest":[95],"crop":[96,210],"over":[98],"On":[101,157],"Cambisol,":[103,159,205],"only":[104],"marginal":[105],"upon":[109],"high":[110],"rates":[111],"sole":[113],"organic":[114],"amendments":[115],"chemical":[117],"fertilizer,":[118],"while":[119,135],"co-applications":[120],"decreased":[121],"yields.":[122],"Decrease":[123],"caused":[128],"declines":[130],"second":[133],"season,":[134],"P":[136],"uptake":[137],"increased":[138],"significantly":[139],"0.05).":[142,156],"Correlations":[143],"between":[144],"yields,":[145],"leaf":[149],"N":[150,219],"contents":[151],"insignificant":[153],">":[155],"a":[160],"significant":[161],"regression":[162],"model":[163],"for":[164,198],"determined.":[170],"Therefore,":[171],"one":[172],"\u2013":[173],"time":[174],"combined":[175],"Luvisol,":[189],"are":[196],"recommended":[197],"production":[200],"respectively.":[206],"In":[207],"seasons,":[209],"productivity":[211],"could":[212],"be":[213],"maintained":[214],"by":[215],"mineral":[218],"order":[221],"to":[222],"mitigate":[223],"over-application":[224],"P.":[226],"Key":[227],"words:":[228],"Biochar,":[229],"sludge,":[231],"NO3-,":[233],"luvisol,":[234],"cambisol.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2020-06-05T00:00:00"}