{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029162192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","title":"Insights Into Efficient k-Nearest Neighbor Classification With Convolutional Neural Codes","display_name":"Insights Into Efficient k-Nearest Neighbor Classification With Convolutional Neural Codes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029162192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","mag":"3029162192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099517.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086465725","display_name":"Antonio\u2010Javier Gallego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3148-6886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3148-6886"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio-Javier Gallego","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computing Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3148-6886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computing Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085151278","display_name":"Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-2232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-2232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computing Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-2232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computing Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022441250","display_name":"Juan Ram\u00f3n Rico-Juan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-5802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-5802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Ramon Rico-Juan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computing Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-5802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computing Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.6528,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84010473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"99312","last_page":"99326"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximate-similarity-search","display_name":"approximate similarity search","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-reduction","display_name":"data reduction","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"linear discriminant analysis","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"feature extraction","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-scale-data","display_name":"large-scale data","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-cost","display_name":"computational cost","score":0.5320000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.737837016582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7045114636421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6821514368057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.5589362382888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5520171523094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49691346287727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2614806294441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.13376888632774353}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:ruarepositor::0a6eec62ecf3c4c4bc4284c7c875885b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10045/107192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e14f656055014ea5a7874c2826a1e903","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e14f656055014ea5a7874c2826a1e903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 99312-99326 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rua.ua.es:10045/107192","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10045/107192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400975","display_name":"RUA, Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","host_organization_name":"University of Alicante","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7093965856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-86576-Research","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/03sv46s19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029162192.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029162192.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26450609","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W204268067","https://openalex.org/W575847903","https://openalex.org/W1547560093","https://openalex.org/W1592861455","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1780567500","https://openalex.org/W1870428314","https://openalex.org/W1968933949","https://openalex.org/W1994410331","https://openalex.org/W2013840542","https://openalex.org/W2024668293","https://openalex.org/W2032963132","https://openalex.org/W2040263621","https://openalex.org/W2045519853","https://openalex.org/W2051013693","https://openalex.org/W2057958859","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2072184377","https://openalex.org/W2074148701","https://openalex.org/W2078769305","https://openalex.org/W2086504823","https://openalex.org/W2096635897","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110549418","https://openalex.org/W2112504244","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115412314","https://openalex.org/W2115563868","https://openalex.org/W2117831564","https://openalex.org/W2118979615","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2122389268","https://openalex.org/W2124509324","https://openalex.org/W2124741252","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2143821562","https://openalex.org/W2145607950","https://openalex.org/W2148781362","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2151537585","https://openalex.org/W2157092487","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164330572","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2203224402","https://openalex.org/W2290145898","https://openalex.org/W2293597654","https://openalex.org/W2432436793","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2539190955","https://openalex.org/W2564039157","https://openalex.org/W2606436201","https://openalex.org/W2625998362","https://openalex.org/W2739512903","https://openalex.org/W2759144750","https://openalex.org/W2787229240","https://openalex.org/W2793165286","https://openalex.org/W2795589160","https://openalex.org/W2899249364","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963356494","https://openalex.org/W3018760510","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3124027709","https://openalex.org/W4239875977","https://openalex.org/W4252017042","https://openalex.org/W4292864963","https://openalex.org/W6639283537","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201841349","https://openalex.org/W4385834255","https://openalex.org/W2899249364","https://openalex.org/W2951616521","https://openalex.org/W2759144750","https://openalex.org/W2818218316","https://openalex.org/W84488706","https://openalex.org/W99247485","https://openalex.org/W2622953742","https://openalex.org/W2902100931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,200],"increasing":[1],"consideration":[2],"of":[3,13,48,54,64,91,113,124,136,145,153],"Convolutional":[4],"Neural":[5],"Networks":[6],"(CNN)":[7],"has":[8,45,61,102],"not":[9,168],"prevented":[10],"the":[11,14,31,43,46,62,65,87,154,170,175,182],"use":[12],"k-Nearest":[15],"Neighbor":[16],"(kNN)":[17],"method.":[18],"In":[19,82,180],"fact,":[20],"a":[21,50,118,190],"hybrid":[22,58,98],"CNN-kNN":[23,99],"approach":[24,59],"is":[25,115,134,147,187],"an":[26],"interesting":[27],"option":[28,192],"in":[29,34,76,121,217],"which":[30,74,114],"network":[32],"specializes":[33],"feature":[35],"extraction":[36],"through":[37],"its":[38,70],"activations":[39],"(Neural":[40],"Codes),":[41],"while":[42],"kNN":[44,66,93],"advantage":[47],"performing":[49],"retrieval":[51],"by":[52,105],"means":[53],"similarity.":[55],"However,":[56],"this":[57,83,97],"also":[60,202],"disadvantages":[63],"search,":[67],"and":[68,198],"especially":[69],"high":[71],"computational":[72],"cost":[73,171],"is,":[75],"principle,":[77],"undesirable":[78],"for":[79],"large-scale":[80],"data.":[81],"paper,":[84],"we":[85],"present":[86],"first":[88],"comprehensive":[89],"study":[90],"efficient":[92],"search":[94],"algorithms":[95,146,162,208],"using":[96],"approach.":[100],"This":[101,156],"been":[103],"done":[104],"considering":[106,205],"up":[107],"to":[108,150,195],"16":[109],"different":[110,119],"algorithms,":[111],"each":[112,143],"evaluated":[116],"with":[117],"parametrization,":[120],"7":[122],"datasets":[123],"heterogeneous":[125],"composition.":[126],"Our":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130,142,158,204],"no":[131],"single":[132],"algorithm":[133],"capable":[135],"covering":[137],"all":[138],"aspects,":[139],"but":[140,166],"rather":[141],"family":[144,178,186],"better":[148],"suited":[149],"specific":[151],"aspects":[152],"problem.":[155],"signifies":[157],"Fast":[159],"Similarity":[160,184],"Search":[161,185],"maintain":[163],"their":[164],"performance,":[165],"do":[167],"reduce":[169],"as":[172,174,189,210],"much":[173],"Data":[176],"Reduction":[177],"does.":[179],"turn,":[181],"Approximated":[183],"postulated":[188],"good":[191],"when":[193],"attempting":[194],"balance":[196],"accuracy":[197],"efficiency.":[199],"experiments":[201],"suggest":[203],"statistical":[206],"transformation":[207],"such":[209],"Linear":[211],"Discriminant":[212],"Analysis":[213],"might":[214],"be":[215],"useful":[216],"certain":[218],"cases.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-06-05T00:00:00"}