{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027131663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","title":"Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers","display_name":"Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027131663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","mag":"3027131663","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33345053","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7739797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018198178","display_name":"Yuiko Matsuura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-1140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-1140"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuiko Matsuura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076607773","display_name":"Naoto Matsunaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-110X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-110X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189445727","display_name":"Seigakuin University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9zgs78","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189445727"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoto Matsunaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Education Core Curriculum Division, Seigakuin University, Ageo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Education Core Curriculum Division, Seigakuin University, Ageo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189445727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019746434","display_name":"Satoshi Iizuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0480-3754","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0480-3754"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Iizuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036445136","display_name":"Hiroshi Akuzawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-5570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-5570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Akuzawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060807610","display_name":"Koji Kaneoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-7772","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-7772"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Koji Kaneoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060807610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":1.612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81492813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"62","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.7890999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.7890999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.1316000074148178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12677","display_name":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","score":0.061500001698732376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-synergies","display_name":"muscle synergies","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-coordination","display_name":"muscle coordination","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-swimmers","display_name":"elite swimmers","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pelvic-tilt","display_name":"pelvic tilt","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trunk-muscles","display_name":"trunk muscles","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lower-limb-muscles","display_name":"lower limb muscles","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-negative-matrix-factorization","display_name":"non-negative matrix factorization","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"electromyography","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectus-abdominis","display_name":"rectus abdominis","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erector-spinae-muscle","display_name":"erector spinae","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multifidus-muscle","display_name":"multifidus","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tibialis-anterior","display_name":"tibialis anterior","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrocnemius-muscle","display_name":"gastrocnemius","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectus-femoris","display_name":"rectus femoris","score":0.8029999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781425419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201363","display_name":"Biceps","level":2,"score":0.7778033018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.5339585542678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.512710452079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193472","display_name":"Trunk","level":2,"score":0.5085762739181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.4805032014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.46006906032562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173172909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918207","display_name":"Motor unit recruitment","level":3,"score":0.44364938139915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3538881838321686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3230302631855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11877229809761047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33345053","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33345053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in sports and active living","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7739797","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7739797/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Sports Act Living","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ee88cea3be14a8ea9f1acbfd846bbb7","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ee88cea3be14a8ea9f1acbfd846bbb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Vol 2 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3027131663.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3027131663.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26394889","https://openalex.org/W1902027874","https://openalex.org/W1971636723","https://openalex.org/W1974622830","https://openalex.org/W1992840328","https://openalex.org/W1995807181","https://openalex.org/W1998457023","https://openalex.org/W2015828331","https://openalex.org/W2070213512","https://openalex.org/W2071371093","https://openalex.org/W2077644513","https://openalex.org/W2084755023","https://openalex.org/W2089216020","https://openalex.org/W2091074162","https://openalex.org/W2124652999","https://openalex.org/W2129945286","https://openalex.org/W2138891531","https://openalex.org/W2142900322","https://openalex.org/W2147804103","https://openalex.org/W2170620683","https://openalex.org/W2195606953","https://openalex.org/W2200776773","https://openalex.org/W2286271561","https://openalex.org/W2290706081","https://openalex.org/W2327719893","https://openalex.org/W2418670673","https://openalex.org/W2518467880","https://openalex.org/W2553384361","https://openalex.org/W2622867357","https://openalex.org/W2795279161","https://openalex.org/W2953257825","https://openalex.org/W2955852419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416672337","https://openalex.org/W4223906104","https://openalex.org/W7164524916","https://openalex.org/W7106665043","https://openalex.org/W2340647444","https://openalex.org/W2496208855","https://openalex.org/W4225685380","https://openalex.org/W7213463600","https://openalex.org/W4288080924","https://openalex.org/W4297539946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improving":[0],"the":[1,17,35,127,143,149,156,160,196,217,240,249,252,255,262,268,275,278,286,295,302,307,332],"performance":[2],"of":[3,19,71,101,126,277],"underwater":[4],"undulatory":[5],"swimming":[6,9,168],"(UUS)":[7],"improves":[8],"time,":[10],"so":[11],"it":[12],"is":[13,327],"important":[14],"to":[15,30,148,159,222,254,274,329,331],"identify":[16,31],"pattern":[18],"muscle":[20,79,102,204],"coordination":[21,33,276,319],"in":[22,34,42,63,216,267,285,306],"swimmers":[23,46],"with":[24],"fast":[25],"UUS.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"aimed":[29],"muscular":[32],"trunk":[36,303],"and":[37,92,96,106,124,152,167,179,195,231,243,265,280,298,312],"lower":[38,313],"limb":[39,314],"during":[40,212,248,325],"UUS":[41,290,326],"elite":[43,292,336],"swimmers.":[44],"Nine":[45],"(aged":[47],"20":[48],"\u00b1":[49,54,59,172,176,181,193,201],"2":[50,259],"years;":[51],"height,":[52],"1.74":[53],"0.03":[55],"m;":[56],"weight,":[57],"73.0":[58],"4.4":[60],"kg)":[61],"participated":[62],"this":[64],"study.":[65],"Measurements":[66],"were":[67,109,129,170,207,246,283,316],"taken":[68],"by":[69,291],"electromyography":[70],"eight":[72],"muscles:":[73],"rectus":[74,81],"abdominis":[75],"(RA),":[76],"internal":[77],"abdominal":[78],"(IO),":[80],"femoris":[82],"(RF),":[83],"erector":[84],"spinae":[85],"(ES),":[86],"multifidus":[87],"(MF),":[88],"tibialis":[89],"anterior":[90],"(TA),":[91],"thigh":[93],"biceps":[94],"(BF),":[95],"gastrocnemius":[97],"(GS).":[98],"For":[99],"evaluation":[100],"coordination,":[103],"\u201cmuscle":[104],"synergy\u201d":[105],"\u201cactivation":[107],"coefficient\u201d":[108],"calculated":[110],"using":[111],"non-negative":[112],"matrix":[113],"factorization":[114],"from":[115,209,219,251],"electromyographic":[116],"data.":[117],"Kick":[118,132,163],"frequency,":[119,164],"kick":[120,138,141,154,165,221,224,228,233,297,300],"amplitude,":[121,166],"swim":[122],"velocity,":[123],"kinematics":[125],"pelvis":[128],"also":[130],"calculated.":[131],"cycle":[133],"was":[134,191,199],"divided":[135],"into":[136],"two":[137],"phases:":[139],"downward":[140,223,227,256,269,299],"(from":[142,155],"highest":[144,161],"toe":[145],"vertical":[146],"coordinate":[147],"lowest":[150,157],"point)":[151],"upward":[153,220,232,253,287,296],"point":[158],"point).":[162],"velocity":[169],"1.9":[171],"0.3":[173],"Hz,":[174],"0.45":[175],"0.6":[177],"m,":[178],"1.8":[180],"0.2":[182],"m\u30fbs":[183],"-1,":[184],"respectively.":[185],"The":[186],"maximum":[187],"backward":[188],"pelvic":[189,308,322],"tilt":[190,310,324],"94.4":[192],"4.5\u00b0":[194],"minimum":[197],"(forward)":[198],"90.8":[200],"5.7\u00b0.":[202],"Three":[203],"synergy":[205],"values":[206],"extracted":[208],"each":[210],"swimmer":[211,337],"UUS:":[213],"those":[214],"involved":[215,238,260,305],"transition":[218],"(Synergy":[225,229,234],"1),":[226],"2),":[230],"3).":[235],"Synergy":[236,258,271],"1":[237],"mainly":[239,261],"RF,":[241],"IO,":[242],"RA,":[244],"which":[245,282],"activated":[247],"turn":[250],"phase.":[257],"MF,":[263],"ES,":[264],"TA":[266],"kick.":[270,288],"3":[272],"corresponded":[273],"BF":[279],"GS,":[281],"active":[284],"In":[289],"swimmers,":[293],"both":[294],"followed":[301],"muscles":[304,315],"forward\u2013backward":[309],"movement,":[311],"activated.":[317],"Muscle":[318],"based":[320],"on":[321],"forward-backward":[323],"expected":[328],"contribute":[330],"coaching":[333],"field":[334],"for":[335],"development.":[338]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2020-05-29T00:00:00"}