{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024877431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","title":"Who Pays for Public Employee Health Costs?","display_name":"Who Pays for Public Employee Health Costs?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024877431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","mag":"3024877431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w19574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088133556","display_name":"Jeffrey P. Clemens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3410-330X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3410-330X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Clemens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics University of California , San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0508 La Jolla , CA 92093 and","University of California, San Diego and NBER, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of California , San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0508 La Jolla , CA 92093 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego and NBER, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029506227","display_name":"David Cutler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-8917","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-8917","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6394-6731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Cutler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics Harvard University 1875 Cambridge Street Cambridge , MA 02138","Harvard University and NBER, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Harvard University 1875 Cambridge Street Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University and NBER, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.3882000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.3882000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.34689998626708984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13387","display_name":"Politics, Economics, and Education Policy","score":0.14339999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-employee-health-benefits","display_name":"public employee health benefits","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-unions","display_name":"teachers' unions","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-district-personnel","display_name":"school district employees","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-budget-constraint","display_name":"government budget constraint","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-market-institutions","display_name":"labour market institutions","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-compensation","display_name":"public sector compensation","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underfunded-pension-plans","display_name":"underfunded pension plans","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7107894420623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5648400783538818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.532882809638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.5306664109230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172123218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627293","display_name":"Compensation of employees","level":3,"score":0.5273880958557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5192192196846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778332525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7959524","display_name":"Wages and salaries","level":2,"score":0.518423318862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.45530858635902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.424392431974411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.40782272815704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4058837890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.21637076139450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08947890996932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w19574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:19574","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w19574.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w19574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jhecon:v:38:y:2014:i:c:p:65-76","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629614000630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w19574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024877431.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024877431.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69108518","https://openalex.org/W106042395","https://openalex.org/W1210831850","https://openalex.org/W1488460923","https://openalex.org/W1504589312","https://openalex.org/W1505699121","https://openalex.org/W1528109329","https://openalex.org/W1542829992","https://openalex.org/W1566584373","https://openalex.org/W1606863616","https://openalex.org/W1608623370","https://openalex.org/W1666604448","https://openalex.org/W1993604029","https://openalex.org/W2009586334","https://openalex.org/W2012825478","https://openalex.org/W2024286124","https://openalex.org/W2038956278","https://openalex.org/W2070671457","https://openalex.org/W2130832547","https://openalex.org/W2132019091","https://openalex.org/W3121389782","https://openalex.org/W3122074185","https://openalex.org/W6602804481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183800819","https://openalex.org/W102861073","https://openalex.org/W833325335","https://openalex.org/W1541908749","https://openalex.org/W2320804041","https://openalex.org/W2099406158","https://openalex.org/W2146939634","https://openalex.org/W1496650131","https://openalex.org/W7098670286","https://openalex.org/W3129635069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"analyze":[1],"the":[2,13,23,34,93,96],"incidence":[3],"of":[4,33,36,98],"public-employee":[5],"health":[6],"benefits.Because":[7],"these":[8],"benefits":[9,101],"are":[10,74,102],"negotiated":[11],"through":[12,46],"political":[14],"process,":[15],"relevant":[16],"labor":[17],"market":[18],"institutions":[19],"deviate":[20],"significantly":[21],"from":[22],"competitive,":[24],"private-sector":[25],"benchmark.Empirically,":[26],"we":[27],"find":[28,69],"that":[29,70,95],"roughly":[30],"15":[31],"percent":[32],"cost":[35],"recent":[37],"benefit":[38,61,79,108],"growth":[39,62,64,80],"was":[40],"passed":[41],"onto":[42],"school":[43],"district":[44],"employees":[45],"reductions":[47],"in":[48,65],"wages":[49],"and":[50,63,110],"salaries.Strong":[51],"teachers'":[52],"unions":[53],"were":[54],"associated":[55],"with":[56,92],"relatively":[57],"strong":[58],"linkages":[59],"between":[60],"total":[66],"compensation.We":[67],"further":[68],"when":[71],"economic":[72],"conditions":[73],"poor,":[75],"straining":[76],"public":[77,87,99],"budgets,":[78],"is":[81,90],"more":[82],"readily":[83],"shifted":[84],"back":[85],"to":[86,104,107],"employees.Our":[88],"analysis":[89],"consistent":[91],"view":[94],"costs":[97],"workers'":[100],"difficult":[103],"monitor,":[105],"contributing":[106],"oriented,":[109],"often":[111],"under-funded,":[112],"compensation":[113],"schemes.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-05-21T00:00:00"}