{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024317031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","title":"Network Externalities and Technology Adoption: Lessons from Electronic Payments","display_name":"Network Externalities and Technology Adoption: Lessons from Electronic Payments","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024317031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","mag":"3024317031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w8943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014426024","display_name":"Gautam Gowrisankaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8549-959X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8549-959X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317239608","display_name":"Federal Reserve","ror":"https://ror.org/05fk5tr28","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19990318","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/05p5xsx92","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I19990318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46510805","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/01djrhs97","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I46510805"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Gowrisankaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics Research Department University of Minnesota Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 271 19th Ave. South","Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, Cleveland, New York and San Francisco","Minneapolis, MN 55455, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","participants at UCLA, Duke, Johns Hopkins, NYU/Stern,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Research Department University of Minnesota Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 271 19th Ave. South","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I46510805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, Cleveland, New York and San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I46510805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minneapolis, MN 55455, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19990318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"participants at UCLA, Duke, Johns Hopkins, NYU/Stern,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047115660","display_name":"Joanna Stavins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-712X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-712X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317239608","display_name":"Federal Reserve","ror":"https://ror.org/05fk5tr28","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19990318","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/05p5xsx92","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I19990318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46510805","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/01djrhs97","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I46510805"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Stavins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics Research Department University of Minnesota Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 271 19th Ave. South","Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, Cleveland, New York and San Francisco","Minneapolis, MN 55455, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","participants at UCLA, Duke, Johns Hopkins, NYU/Stern,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Research Department University of Minnesota Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 271 19th Ave. South","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I46510805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, Cleveland, New York and San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I46510805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minneapolis, MN 55455, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19990318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"participants at UCLA, Duke, Johns Hopkins, NYU/Stern,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10068","display_name":"Technology Adoption and User Behaviour","score":0.01600000075995922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-effects","display_name":"network effects","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-adoption","display_name":"technology adoption","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-payments","display_name":"digital payments","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acetylcholine","display_name":"acetylcholine","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-effects","display_name":"peer effects","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-power","display_name":"market power","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-concentration","display_name":"market concentration","score":0.9010000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96219163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649124","display_name":"Network effect","level":2,"score":0.8428803086280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.7978535294532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.699916422367096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5673189163208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.36307021975517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3623407781124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3418000340461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29517120122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2507871389389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1656586229801178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.15433615446090698}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w8943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w8943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w8943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.651199996471405}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5600000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309636","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024317031.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024317031.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500486586","https://openalex.org/W1542833916","https://openalex.org/W1565168083","https://openalex.org/W1585233555","https://openalex.org/W1765794078","https://openalex.org/W1989218902","https://openalex.org/W2004420049","https://openalex.org/W2053511614","https://openalex.org/W2066569036","https://openalex.org/W2072197860","https://openalex.org/W2101518767","https://openalex.org/W2114389382","https://openalex.org/W2889709214","https://openalex.org/W3021304644","https://openalex.org/W3122749945","https://openalex.org/W3125849373","https://openalex.org/W7057260957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099791282","https://openalex.org/W1542833916","https://openalex.org/W7100106311","https://openalex.org/W1529440532","https://openalex.org/W2101356889","https://openalex.org/W1539705094","https://openalex.org/W2131563292","https://openalex.org/W7100272571","https://openalex.org/W1604453284","https://openalex.org/W1505009203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"seek":[1],"to":[2,36,75],"analyze":[3],"the":[4,12,50,85,95,125],"extent":[5],"and":[6,29,102,119],"sources":[7],"of":[8,31,52,91,117],"network":[9,38,47,109,126],"externalities":[10,39,48,110,127],"for":[11],"automated":[13],"clearinghouse":[14],"(ACH)":[15],"electronic":[16],"payments":[17],"system":[18],"using":[19,40],"a":[20],"quarterly":[21],"panel":[22,42,103],"data":[23,104],"set":[24],"on":[25],"individual":[26],"bank":[27],"adoption":[28,87,96],"usage":[30],"ACH.We":[32],"provide":[33],"three":[34],"methods":[35,106],"identify":[37,108],"this":[41],"data.The":[43],"first":[44],"method":[45,56,79],"identifies":[46,57,80],"from":[49,111],"clustering":[51],"ACH":[53,86],"adoption.The":[54],"second":[55],"them":[58,81],"by":[59,82,88,97],"examining":[60,83],"whether":[61,84],"banks":[62,93],"in":[63],"areas":[64],"with":[65],"higher":[66],"market":[67,120],"concentration":[68],"or":[69],"larger":[70],"competitors":[71],"are":[72,128],"more":[73],"likely":[74],"adopt":[76],"ACH.The":[77],"third":[78],"small":[89],"branches":[90],"large":[92],"affects":[94],"local":[98],"competitors.Using":[99],"fixed":[100],"effects":[101],"these":[105],"separately":[107],"technological":[112],"advancement,":[113],"peer-group":[114],"effects,":[115],"economies":[116],"scale":[118],"power.We":[121],"find":[122],"evidence":[123],"that":[124],"moderately":[129],"large.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2020-05-21T00:00:00"}