{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024127013","doi":null,"title":"What life is: the conversion of thermodynamic disequilibria into directional motion","display_name":"What life is: the conversion of thermodynamic disequilibria into directional motion","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024127013","mag":"3024127013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/734500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055253438","display_name":"Simon Pierce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1182-987X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1182-987X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Pierce","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055253438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05086914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-of-life","display_name":"concept of life","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-non-equilibrium","display_name":"thermodynamic non-equilibrium","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unidirectional-motion","display_name":"unidirectional motion","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-gradients","display_name":"thermodynamic gradients","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-engines","display_name":"heat engines","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ribozymes","display_name":"ribozymes","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomolecular-machines","display_name":"biomolecular machines","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190161988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231218","display_name":"Abiogenesis","level":2,"score":0.5641390681266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5438206791877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5277999639511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4952220022678375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139425391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2726733","display_name":"Molecular machine","level":2,"score":0.4787556529045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.4729423522949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76346623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205858","display_name":"Ribozyme","level":4,"score":0.4251772463321686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776184637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6506039","display_name":"Living systems","level":2,"score":0.41742756962776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992482898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40397","display_name":"Living matter","level":3,"score":0.41640424728393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22547674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582668","display_name":"Chemical energy","level":2,"score":0.4125870168209076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3876117765903473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.3776072561740875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3516658544540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3446131646633148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30206549167633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2759294807910919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.20480403304100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.18992719054222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18942761421203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1357840597629547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.10105350613594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/734500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:3024127013","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/734500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/734500","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324369","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024127013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024127013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577163541","https://openalex.org/W1016533673","https://openalex.org/W1864502757","https://openalex.org/W1901080291","https://openalex.org/W1946807837","https://openalex.org/W1979208302","https://openalex.org/W1980239166","https://openalex.org/W1983330469","https://openalex.org/W2001138638","https://openalex.org/W2004689716","https://openalex.org/W2009531441","https://openalex.org/W2009638911","https://openalex.org/W2012595602","https://openalex.org/W2022203086","https://openalex.org/W2026418335","https://openalex.org/W2028097346","https://openalex.org/W2037238732","https://openalex.org/W2040846458","https://openalex.org/W2047687774","https://openalex.org/W2050942890","https://openalex.org/W2058723915","https://openalex.org/W2066801946","https://openalex.org/W2069327268","https://openalex.org/W2087217881","https://openalex.org/W2092144432","https://openalex.org/W2092348814","https://openalex.org/W2094370487","https://openalex.org/W2098100163","https://openalex.org/W2098793851","https://openalex.org/W2100332633","https://openalex.org/W2106885870","https://openalex.org/W2115875544","https://openalex.org/W2122739151","https://openalex.org/W2123939692","https://openalex.org/W2125471678","https://openalex.org/W2126466006","https://openalex.org/W2131385643","https://openalex.org/W2136525477","https://openalex.org/W2145175905","https://openalex.org/W2145600675","https://openalex.org/W2146195806","https://openalex.org/W2158033739","https://openalex.org/W2171224838","https://openalex.org/W2204011217","https://openalex.org/W2275900200","https://openalex.org/W2324350787","https://openalex.org/W2515842261","https://openalex.org/W2588244877","https://openalex.org/W2599958381","https://openalex.org/W2611707378","https://openalex.org/W2803634377","https://openalex.org/W2828910774","https://openalex.org/W2892815144","https://openalex.org/W2946911526","https://openalex.org/W2949618790","https://openalex.org/W2963120920","https://openalex.org/W2994749153","https://openalex.org/W3098624728","https://openalex.org/W4248785858","https://openalex.org/W4254241916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385834960","https://openalex.org/W3195976248","https://openalex.org/W198447465","https://openalex.org/W2284676862","https://openalex.org/W2109808924","https://openalex.org/W2588244877","https://openalex.org/W6967160195","https://openalex.org/W7163458817","https://openalex.org/W149070568","https://openalex.org/W2345547297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"multifarious":[1],"internal":[2],"workings":[3],"of":[4,17,22,35,84,159,177],"organisms":[5],"are":[6,153,175],"difficult":[7],"to":[8,30,102,164,186],"reconcile":[9],"with":[10],"a":[11,15,122,127],"single":[12],"feature":[13],"defining":[14],"state":[16,53,112,136,168],"being":[18],"alive.":[19],"Indeed,":[20],"definitions":[21],"life":[23,125],"rely":[24],"on":[25,71],"emergent":[26],"properties":[27],"(growth,":[28],"capacity":[29],"evolve,":[31],"agency)":[32],"only":[33],"symptomatic":[34],"intrinsic":[36],"functioning.":[37],"Empirical":[38],"studies":[39],"demonstrate":[40,110],"that":[41,106,138,147,170],"biomolecules":[42],"including":[43,155],"ratcheting":[44],"or":[45,58],"rotating":[46],"enzymes":[47],"and":[48,80,182],"ribozymes":[49],"undergo":[50],"repetitive":[51,85],"conformation":[52,87,111,135,167],"changes":[54,88,113,137,169],"driven":[55,89],"either":[56],"directly":[57],"indirectly":[59],"by":[60,90],"thermodynamic":[61,91,100,140,162],"gradients.":[62],"They":[63],"exhibit":[64],"disparate":[65,107],"structures,":[66],"but":[67],"govern":[68],"processes":[69],"relying":[70],"directional":[72,115],"physical":[73],"motion":[74],"(DNA":[75],"transcription,":[76],"translation,":[77],"cytoskeleton":[78],"transport)":[79],"share":[81],"the":[82],"principle":[83],"uniplanar":[86,134,166],"gradients,":[92],"producing":[93],"dependable":[94],"unidirectional":[95],"motion:":[96],"heat":[97],"engines":[98],"exploiting":[99,161],"disequilibria":[101,141],"perform":[103,171],"work.":[104,172],"Recognition":[105],"biological":[108],"molecules":[109],"involving":[114],"motion,":[116,144],"working":[117],"in":[118],"self-regulating":[119,128],"networks,":[120],"allows":[121],"mechanistic":[123],"definition:":[124],"is":[126],"process":[129],"whereby":[130],"matter":[131],"undergoes":[132],"cyclic,":[133],"convert":[139],"into":[142],"directed":[143],"performing":[145],"work":[146],"locally":[148],"reduces":[149],"entropy.":[150],"Living":[151],"things":[152],"structures":[154],"an":[156],"autonomous":[157],"network":[158],"units":[160],"gradients":[163],"drive":[165],"These":[173],"principles":[174],"independent":[176],"any":[178],"specific":[179],"chemical":[180],"environment,":[181],"can":[183],"be":[184],"applied":[185],"other":[187],"biospheres.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-05-21T00:00:00"}