{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024080937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0030","title":"The United States in Space","display_name":"The United States in Space","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024080937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0030","mag":"3024080937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/asp.2020.0030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764671667","display_name":"Asia policy","issn_l":"1559-0968","issn":["1559-0968","1559-2960"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316548","host_organization_name":"National Bureau of Asian Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316548"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Asian Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asia Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039243664","display_name":"John M. Logsdon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-462X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-462X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M. Logsdon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039243664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48224761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"5","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-space-policy","display_name":"US space policy","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-power","display_name":"space power","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nasa","display_name":"NASA","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-space-activities","display_name":"military space activities","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-space-industry","display_name":"commercial space industry","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-budget","display_name":"space budget","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-race","display_name":"space race","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apollo-program","display_name":"Apollo program","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sputnik","display_name":"Sputnik","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-law","display_name":"space law","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-governance","display_name":"space governance","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-security","display_name":"space security","score":0.3160000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.6798360347747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778601427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572612","display_name":"Space policy","level":3,"score":0.6651941537857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6125222444534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5281080007553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5133113265037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74248516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4169","display_name":"Outer space","level":3,"score":0.4417661428451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3665996789932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2504701316356659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17427808046340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780625559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152592","display_name":"Commercialization","level":2,"score":0.12613284587860107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.09916606545448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/asp.2020.0030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764671667","display_name":"Asia policy","issn_l":"1559-0968","issn":["1559-0968","1559-2960"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316548","host_organization_name":"National Bureau of Asian Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316548"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Asian Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asia Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/754925","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/754925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1650626646","https://openalex.org/W4389615685","https://openalex.org/W2886818462","https://openalex.org/W3114582845","https://openalex.org/W4233541450","https://openalex.org/W1538699792","https://openalex.org/W1595294303","https://openalex.org/W2965285091","https://openalex.org/W346081589","https://openalex.org/W341502665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,161,186,192,440,526,587],"United":[1,14,63,162,187,217,371,444,630],"States":[2,15,163,188,218,372,631],"in":[3,21,53,110,175,219,254,279,329,354,375,394,410,483,511,571,579],"Space":[4,190,243,563],"John":[5,276],"M.":[6],"Logsdon":[7],"(bio)":[8],"By":[9,612],"almost":[10,80,334],"every":[11,181],"measure,":[12],"the":[13,17,22,37,40,45,62,66,87,105,108,118,124,130,140,151,155,167,177,205,213,216,239,248,251,285,295,330,337,370,389,397,423,433,443,454,465,484,490,498,530,539,544,572,613,616,629,636,644,658,663],"is":[16,137,306],"most":[18],"space-active":[19],"country":[20],"world.":[23],"U.S.":[25,77,88,125,134,157,193,348,424,477,534,540,582,609],"government":[26,49,338,420],"spends":[27],"more":[28],"on":[29,51,96,154,294,566],"space":[30,52,75,97,113,135,158,170,183,196,237,258,342,379,399,435,451,479,513,524,535,549,596,619,641],"research,":[31],"development,":[32,381],"and":[33,73,120,139,146,189,242,246,272,297,322,340,373,382,407,453,487,501,515,518,574,602],"operations":[34],"than":[35,417],"all":[36,376],"rest":[38,106],"of":[39,57,65,82,107,123,143,150,209,291,319,336,347,378,419,426,437,442,449,457,476,533,581,589,595,624],"world's":[41,168],"governments":[42],"combined.":[43],"Of":[44],"$70.9":[46],"billion":[47,56,429],"worldwide":[48],"spending":[50,78,84,436],"2018,":[54],"$41":[55],"that":[58,230,325,462,592,623],"was":[59,401,647],"spent":[60],"by":[61,212,388,558],"States\u201458%":[64],"global":[67,450],"total.":[68],"Looking":[69],"specifically":[70],"at":[71,326],"military":[72,541,583],"intelligence":[74],"activities,":[76,259],"constituted":[79],"75%":[81],"such":[83,496],"worldwide.":[85],"Additionally,":[86],"private":[89],"sector,":[90],"from":[91],"billionaires":[92],"investing":[93],"their":[94],"wealth":[95],"ventures":[98],"to":[99,127,179,195,204,283,301,311,415,523,608,638,650],"small":[100],"entrepreneurial":[101],"start-up":[102],"firms,":[103],"dwarfs":[104,432],"world":[109],"commercially":[111],"oriented":[112],"activity.1":[114],"This":[115,308],"essay":[116],"highlights":[117],"historical":[119,200],"current":[121,144,156,491],"roots":[122],"commitment":[126,194],"space,":[128],"discusses":[129],"processes":[131],"through":[132],"which":[133],"policy":[136,159,184,519],"determined":[138],"fundamental":[141],"premises":[142],"policy,":[145],"examines":[147],"a":[148,223,234,314,344,356,404,473,652],"few":[149],"many":[152],"issues":[153],"agenda.":[160],"views":[164],"itself":[165],"as":[166,497,576],"leading":[169],"power,":[171],"with":[172,365,504,521],"an":[173,648],"interest":[174],"influencing":[176],"answer":[178],"virtually":[180],"international":[182,531],"question.":[185],"Preeminence":[191],"activity":[197,550,564],"has":[198,413,632],"deep":[199],"roots.":[201],"In":[202],"reaction":[203],"October":[206],"1957":[207],"launch":[208],"Sputnik":[210],"1":[211],"Soviet":[214],"Union,":[215],"early":[220,614],"1958":[221],"began":[222],"highly":[224],"classified":[225],"spy":[226],"satellite":[227],"effort.":[228],"Later":[229],"year,":[231],"it":[232],"created":[233,353],"separate":[235],"civilian":[236,257,398,434,478,494],"agency,":[238],"National":[240,499],"Aeronautics":[241],"Administration":[244,503],"(NASA),":[245],"gave":[247],"new":[249],"organization":[250,358],"lead":[252],"role":[253],"carrying":[255],"out":[256],"including":[260],"human":[261],"spaceflight.":[262],"While":[263],"then":[264],"president":[265],"Dwight":[266],"D.":[267],"Eisenhower":[268,560],"limited":[269],"NASA's":[270,408,458],"aspirations":[271],"budget,":[273],"his":[274],"successor,":[275],"F.":[277],"Kennedy,":[278],"May":[280],"1961":[281],"assigned":[282,403],"NASA":[284,355],"[End":[286],"Page":[287],"5]":[288],"national":[289,349,567,617],"goal":[290,386,448],"landing":[292,393],"astronauts":[293],"Moon":[296],"returning":[298],"them":[299],"safely":[300],"Earth":[302],"\"before":[303],"this":[304],"decade":[305],"out.\"":[307],"assignment":[309],"led":[310],"Project":[312],"Apollo,":[313],"warlike":[315],"but":[316,552,662],"peaceful":[317],"mobilization":[318],"technical,":[320],"human,":[321],"financial":[323],"resources":[324],"its":[327,505,577],"peak":[328],"mid-1960s":[331],"accounted":[332],"for":[333,471],"5%":[335],"budget":[339,409,425,620],"made":[341],"leadership":[343,452],"key":[345],"element":[346],"strategy.":[350],"It":[351],"also":[352],"large":[357,459],"(currently":[359],"just":[360],"over":[361,427],"seventeen":[362],"thousand":[363],"employees)":[364],"multiple":[366],"research":[367],"centers":[368],"throughout":[369],"capabilities":[374],"areas":[377],"science,":[380],"exploration.":[383],"With":[384],"Kennedy's":[385],"achieved":[387],"Apollo":[390,466],"11":[391],"lunar":[392],"July":[395],"1969,":[396],"effort":[400,664],"quickly":[402],"lower":[405],"priority,":[406],"recent":[411],"years":[412],"fallen":[414],"less":[416],"1%":[418],"spending.":[421,480],"Still,":[422],"$20":[428],"per":[430],"year":[431],"other":[438,493],"countries.":[439],"combination":[441],"States'":[445],"persistently":[446],"stated":[447],"political":[455,469],"influence":[456],"industrial-university-congressional":[460],"complex":[461],"emerged":[463],"during":[464],"program":[467],"provides":[468],"support":[470,580,607],"maintaining":[472],"high":[474],"level":[475],"Furthermore,":[481],"beginning":[482],"late":[485],"1960s":[486,573],"extending":[488],"until":[489],"day,":[492],"agencies,":[495],"Oceanic":[500],"Atmospheric":[502],"meteorological":[506],"satellites,":[507],"have":[508],"become":[509],"involved":[510],"implementing":[512],"programs":[514],"assuming":[516],"regulatory":[517],"functions":[520],"respect":[522],"activities.":[525],"State":[527],"Department":[528,588],"leads":[529],"dimensions":[532],"policy.":[536],"After":[537],"Sputnik,":[538],"branches,":[542],"particularly":[543],"air":[545],"force,":[546],"prepared":[547],"ambitious":[548],"plans,":[551],"these":[553],"plans":[554],"were":[555],"not":[556],"approved":[557],"either":[559],"or":[561],"Kennedy.":[562],"focused":[565],"security":[568,618],"gradually":[569],"grew":[570],"1970s":[575],"utility":[578],"posture":[584],"became":[585],"evident.":[586],"Defense":[590,660],"found":[591],"various":[593],"types":[594],"systems\u2014communications,":[597],"meteorological,":[598],"positioning,":[599],"navigation,":[600],"timing,":[601],"early-warning,":[603],"among":[604],"others\u2014provided":[605],"essential":[606],"warfighting":[610],"capabilities.":[611],"1980s":[615],"had":[621],"surpassed":[622],"NASA.":[625],"Despite":[626],"several":[627],"attempts,":[628],"so":[633],"far":[634],"resisted":[635],"temptation":[637],"develop":[639,651],"dedicated":[640],"weapons.":[642],"During":[643],"1980s,":[645],"there":[646],"attempt":[649],"space-based":[653],"defense":[654],"against":[655],"ballistic":[656],"missiles,":[657],"Strategic":[659],"Initiative,":[661],"proved":[665],"technologically":[666],"infeasible...":[667]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-05-21T00:00:00"}