{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023901165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","title":"A Patient-Centric Health Information Exchange Framework Using Blockchain Technology","display_name":"A Patient-Centric Health Information Exchange Framework Using Blockchain Technology","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023901165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","mag":"3023901165","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9159696/09090282.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9159696/09090282.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066648603","display_name":"Yan Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-7203","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-7203"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-7203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027966236","display_name":"Lincoln Sheets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-1474","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-1474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lincoln R. Sheets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Data Science & Informatics, Health Management & Informatics Department, Missouri Telehealth Network, and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-1474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Data Science & Informatics, Health Management & Informatics Department, Missouri Telehealth Network, and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023350869","display_name":"Yin-Wu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-6867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-6867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin-Wu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Lab, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-6867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Lab, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082169032","display_name":"Zon\u2010Yin Shae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-5416","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-5416"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zon-Yin Shae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Lab, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-5416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Lab, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018669587","display_name":"Jeffrey J. P. Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-5170","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-5170"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey J.P. Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013031415","display_name":"Chi\u2010Ren Shyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-9522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-9522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Ren Shyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Data Science and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-9522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Data Science and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"fwci":25.5493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":273,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99636603,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2169","last_page":"2176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-information-exchange","display_name":"health information exchange","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger-technology","display_name":"distributed ledger technology","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy","display_name":"data privacy","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-security","display_name":"data security","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-provenance","display_name":"data provenance","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-segmentation","display_name":"data segmentation","score":0.4050000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7271419763565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7097229957580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6876178979873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778759051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5691085","display_name":"Health information exchange","level":4,"score":0.6506721377372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6193705797195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134448949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1384274","display_name":"Expediting","level":2,"score":0.5137163400650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776354556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10910281","display_name":"Health information technology","level":3,"score":0.5114675760269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5069285035133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4786859154701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.45182934403419495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15845906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172338","display_name":"Data exchange","level":2,"score":0.4419594705104828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.25257161259651184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.24317476153373718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982795734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health information","level":3,"score":0.12016844749450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066275","descriptor_name":"Health Information Exchange","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9159696/09090282.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32396110","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2993072","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9159696/09090282.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309568","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023901165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023901165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75690195","https://openalex.org/W96732384","https://openalex.org/W150834182","https://openalex.org/W155407251","https://openalex.org/W174045061","https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W1992390964","https://openalex.org/W2028993630","https://openalex.org/W2056485032","https://openalex.org/W2068063761","https://openalex.org/W2068402150","https://openalex.org/W2075796489","https://openalex.org/W2086632577","https://openalex.org/W2101994403","https://openalex.org/W2103660738","https://openalex.org/W2117248891","https://openalex.org/W2164572080","https://openalex.org/W2287680214","https://openalex.org/W2322673779","https://openalex.org/W2345935983","https://openalex.org/W2414114527","https://openalex.org/W2468112537","https://openalex.org/W2605389255","https://openalex.org/W2730380569","https://openalex.org/W2751179194","https://openalex.org/W2761345541","https://openalex.org/W2795085730","https://openalex.org/W2799688878","https://openalex.org/W2800028583","https://openalex.org/W2802745431","https://openalex.org/W2820243612","https://openalex.org/W2918027864","https://openalex.org/W2941369073","https://openalex.org/W2941500078","https://openalex.org/W2942087467","https://openalex.org/W2963993810","https://openalex.org/W2970517396","https://openalex.org/W3025747009","https://openalex.org/W3027383615","https://openalex.org/W3124555749","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6696337295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7030422825","https://openalex.org/W3043005926","https://openalex.org/W3003442548","https://openalex.org/W7134111276","https://openalex.org/W2945583530","https://openalex.org/W4401607660","https://openalex.org/W2886332328","https://openalex.org/W4385625669","https://openalex.org/W4410334326","https://openalex.org/W2970101444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Health":[0,27],"Information":[1,28],"Exchange":[2],"(HIE)":[3],"exhibits":[4],"remarkable":[5],"benefits":[6],"for":[7,26,150],"patient":[8],"care":[9],"such":[10,54],"as":[11,55],"improving":[12],"healthcare":[13,70],"quality":[14],"and":[15,57,127,133,146,171,179],"expediting":[16],"coordinated":[17],"care.":[18],"The":[19],"Office":[20],"of":[21,77,93,138,166],"the":[22,51,65,74,90,104,174],"National":[23],"Coordinator":[24],"(ONC)":[25],"Technology":[29],"is":[30,100,109],"seeking":[31],"patient-centric":[32,48,159,168],"HIE":[33,49,169],"designs":[34],"that":[35],"shift":[36],"data":[37,60,125,131,144],"ownership":[38],"from":[39],"providers":[40],"to":[41,47,64,85,123,152],"patients.":[42],"There":[43],"are":[44],"multiple":[45,69],"barriers":[46],"in":[50],"current":[52,75],"system,":[53],"security":[56,126],"privacy":[58],"concerns,":[59],"inconsistency,":[61],"timely":[62],"access":[63,153],"right":[66],"records":[67],"across":[68],"facilities.":[71],"After":[72],"investigating":[73],"workflow":[76],"HIE,":[78],"this":[79,156,167],"paper":[80],"provides":[81],"a":[82,95,110,116,120,163],"feasible":[83],"solution":[84],"these":[86],"challenges":[87],"by":[88],"utilizing":[89],"unique":[91],"features":[92],"blockchain,":[94,117],"distributed":[96],"ledger":[97],"technology":[98],"which":[99,108],"considered":[101],"\"unhackable\".":[102],"Utilizing":[103],"smart":[105],"contract":[106],"feature,":[107],"programmable":[111],"self-executing":[112],"protocol":[113],"running":[114],"on":[115],"we":[118],"developed":[119],"blockchain":[121],"model":[122],"protect":[124],"patients'":[128],"privacy,":[129],"ensure":[130],"provenance,":[132],"provide":[134],"patients":[135],"full":[136],"control":[137],"their":[139,154],"health":[140],"records.":[141],"By":[142],"personalizing":[143],"segmentation":[145],"an":[147],"\"allowed":[148],"list\"":[149],"clinicians":[151],"data,":[155],"design":[157],"achieves":[158],"HIE.":[160],"We":[161],"conducted":[162],"large-scale":[164],"simulation":[165],"process":[170],"quantitatively":[172],"evaluated":[173],"model's":[175],"feasibility,":[176],"stability,":[177],"security,":[178],"robustness.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}
