{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023894249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","title":"Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment","display_name":"Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023894249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","mag":"3023894249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w21669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077208353","display_name":"David Neumark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-1884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-1884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Neumark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics University of California at Irvine 3151 Social Science Plaza Irvine , CA 92697 and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of California at Irvine 3151 Social Science Plaza Irvine , CA 92697 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ian Burn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Burn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Institute for Social Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Institute for Social Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057587769","display_name":"Patrick Button","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5414-9730","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5414-9730","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-1512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114832834","display_name":"Tulane University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmvtb21","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Button","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics Tulane University 6823 St. Charles Avenue 206 Tilton Hall New Orleans , LA 70118","OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Tulane University 6823 St. Charles Avenue 206 Tilton Hall New Orleans , LA 70118","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.9365000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.9365000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.061900001019239426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-discrimination","display_name":"age discrimination","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiring-discrimination","display_name":"hiring discrimination","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-workers","display_name":"older workers","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-women","display_name":"older women","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement","display_name":"retirement","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-applications","display_name":"job applications","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-discrimination","display_name":"gender discrimination","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6247915625572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993970742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438946","display_name":"Age discrimination","level":2,"score":0.5925100445747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.524603009223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5035077929496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4997901916503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4883108139038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.47212347388267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4650147557258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.461132675409317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3339760899543762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24920737743377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1606314778327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13405358791351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07810002565383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07086017727851868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w21669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21669","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w21669.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w21669.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3023894249","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nbrnberwo/21669.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3123566239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2679708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028446337","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w21669","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w21669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w21669","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023894249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023894249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50063381","https://openalex.org/W1521746401","https://openalex.org/W1576671252","https://openalex.org/W1577395912","https://openalex.org/W1599956907","https://openalex.org/W1977435027","https://openalex.org/W1995491412","https://openalex.org/W2001913868","https://openalex.org/W2042014096","https://openalex.org/W2047933991","https://openalex.org/W2055474216","https://openalex.org/W2061076093","https://openalex.org/W2084416618","https://openalex.org/W2091411296","https://openalex.org/W2099048673","https://openalex.org/W2109117794","https://openalex.org/W2110876647","https://openalex.org/W2117323684","https://openalex.org/W2130762047","https://openalex.org/W2131257148","https://openalex.org/W2166802521","https://openalex.org/W2185512927","https://openalex.org/W2259372972","https://openalex.org/W2312996993","https://openalex.org/W2398678365","https://openalex.org/W2410528754","https://openalex.org/W2574576653","https://openalex.org/W2889662643","https://openalex.org/W2890299086","https://openalex.org/W2891022971","https://openalex.org/W2919248856","https://openalex.org/W3121142346","https://openalex.org/W3121774613","https://openalex.org/W3122814814","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3123538474","https://openalex.org/W3123738398","https://openalex.org/W3124684532","https://openalex.org/W3146467563","https://openalex.org/W4206494315","https://openalex.org/W4231141553","https://openalex.org/W4235369675","https://openalex.org/W4251381017","https://openalex.org/W4254815105","https://openalex.org/W4298246334","https://openalex.org/W4302590175","https://openalex.org/W6663070955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353022043","https://openalex.org/W3124371806","https://openalex.org/W2891022971","https://openalex.org/W3182686518","https://openalex.org/W3002330864","https://openalex.org/W2068271819","https://openalex.org/W4391790922","https://openalex.org/W3121592280","https://openalex.org/W2924902146","https://openalex.org/W3121299124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"design":[1],"and":[2,47,97],"implement":[3],"a":[4,14,99],"large-scale":[5],"field":[6,21,81],"experiment":[7],"-a":[8],"resume":[9],"correspondence":[10],"study":[11,88,168],"-to":[12],"address":[13],"number":[15],"of":[16,19,44,75,102,135,156],"potential":[17,165],"limitations":[18],"existing":[20,80],"experiments":[22,82],"testing":[23],"for":[24,105,110,163],"age":[25,85,136,157],"discrimination,":[26],"which":[27,56],"may":[28,34,78],"bias":[29,35,79],"their":[30],"results.One":[31],"limitation":[32,65],"that":[33,150],"these":[36],"studies":[37],"towards":[38],"finding":[39,84],"discrimination":[40,137,158],"is":[41,152],"the":[42,53,164],"practice":[43],"giving":[45],"older":[46,76,106,122,141],"younger":[48],"applicants":[49,77],"similar":[50],"experience":[51],"in":[52,71,94,138],"job":[54,103,129],"to":[55,91,108,115],"they":[57],"are":[58],"applying,":[59],"making":[60],"them":[61],"\"otherwise":[62],"comparable.\"The":[63],"second":[64],"arises":[66],"because":[67],"greater":[68],"unobserved":[69],"differences":[70,111],"human":[72],"capital":[73],"investment":[74],"against":[83,140,159],"discrimination.We":[86],"also":[87],"ages":[89],"closer":[90],"retirement":[92,146],"than":[93],"past":[95],"studies,":[96],"use":[98],"richer":[100],"set":[101],"profiles":[104],"workers":[107],"test":[109],"associated":[112],"with":[113],"transitions":[114],"less":[116,154],"demanding":[117],"jobs":[118],"(\"bridge":[119],"jobs\")":[120],"at":[121],"ages.Based":[123],"on":[124],"evidence":[125,134,155],"from":[126],"over":[127],"40,000":[128],"applications,":[130],"we":[131,148],"find":[132,149],"robust":[133],"hiring":[139],"women,":[142],"especially":[143],"those":[144],"near":[145],"age.But":[147],"there":[151],"considerably":[153],"men":[160],"after":[161],"correcting":[162],"biases":[166],"this":[167],"addresses.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}