{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022791108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","title":"If You Are So Smart, Why Aren't You an Entrepreneur? Returns to Cognitive and Social Ability: Entrepreneurs Versus Employees","display_name":"If You Are So Smart, Why Aren't You an Entrepreneur? Returns to Cognitive and Social Ability: Entrepreneurs Versus Employees","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022791108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","mag":"3022791108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115237062","display_name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","issn_l":"1058-6407","issn":["1058-6407","1430-9134","1530-9134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051905394","display_name":"Joop Hartog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-6914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-6914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198488067","display_name":"Tinbergen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/054xxtt73","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joop Hartog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tinbergen Institute, IZA J.hartog@uva.nl","Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tinbergen Institute, IZA [email protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tinbergen Institute, IZA J.hartog@uva.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tinbergen Institute, IZA [email protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057217391","display_name":"Mirjam van Praag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-1134","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-1134"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198488067","display_name":"Tinbergen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/054xxtt73","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mirjam Van Praag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute Tinbergen Institute, IZA Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected]","Max Planck Institute Tinbergen Institute, IZA Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands c.m.vanpraag@uva.nl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute Tinbergen Institute, IZA Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute Tinbergen Institute, IZA Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands c.m.vanpraag@uva.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078224220","display_name":"Justin van der Sluis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Justin Van Der Sluis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Justinvdsluis@hotmail.com","Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Justinvdsluis@hotmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Center for Entrepreneurship Faculty of Economics and Business University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051905394","https://openalex.org/A5057217391","https://openalex.org/A5078224220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067","https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":{"value":3240,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3240},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.0488,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":239,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99738253,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"947","last_page":"989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.05350000038743019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ability","display_name":"cognitive ability","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-skills","display_name":"social skills","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/g-factor","display_name":"general intelligence","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verbal-ability","display_name":"verbal ability","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-ability","display_name":"mathematical ability","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-skills","display_name":"technical skills","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-differentials","display_name":"earnings differentials","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.8367092609405518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.834378719329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.6350520253181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.6242326498031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5223571062088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4838491976261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.48205313086509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.40831202268600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.37461575865745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35115331411361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.09561169147491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.07451319694519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115237062","display_name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","issn_l":"1058-6407","issn":["1058-6407","1430-9134","1530-9134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182629641","https://openalex.org/W1482703650","https://openalex.org/W1523753709","https://openalex.org/W1545910648","https://openalex.org/W1562851918","https://openalex.org/W1572679794","https://openalex.org/W1588060524","https://openalex.org/W1590545576","https://openalex.org/W1711424507","https://openalex.org/W1752284228","https://openalex.org/W1975688239","https://openalex.org/W1979375979","https://openalex.org/W1984961560","https://openalex.org/W1994535367","https://openalex.org/W1996631653","https://openalex.org/W2004852843","https://openalex.org/W2005906308","https://openalex.org/W2012162942","https://openalex.org/W2012935573","https://openalex.org/W2016846642","https://openalex.org/W2021226409","https://openalex.org/W2021640427","https://openalex.org/W2025521298","https://openalex.org/W2025887545","https://openalex.org/W2039174470","https://openalex.org/W2039217384","https://openalex.org/W2041680567","https://openalex.org/W2060487463","https://openalex.org/W2061076093","https://openalex.org/W2069898142","https://openalex.org/W2075491276","https://openalex.org/W2091143533","https://openalex.org/W2099255227","https://openalex.org/W2099726395","https://openalex.org/W2102055380","https://openalex.org/W2102988123","https://openalex.org/W2107666976","https://openalex.org/W2119764122","https://openalex.org/W2120429936","https://openalex.org/W2131730780","https://openalex.org/W2133487567","https://openalex.org/W2138040683","https://openalex.org/W2141911423","https://openalex.org/W2151473230","https://openalex.org/W2153213757","https://openalex.org/W2161440321","https://openalex.org/W2169307545","https://openalex.org/W2170921686","https://openalex.org/W2172080263","https://openalex.org/W2235177421","https://openalex.org/W2273996148","https://openalex.org/W2297197126","https://openalex.org/W2479256776","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2890468383","https://openalex.org/W2892065398","https://openalex.org/W2897163979","https://openalex.org/W2999665664","https://openalex.org/W3121302011","https://openalex.org/W3121818197","https://openalex.org/W3122234582","https://openalex.org/W3122391562","https://openalex.org/W3122676602","https://openalex.org/W3122785788","https://openalex.org/W3122800680","https://openalex.org/W3123075676","https://openalex.org/W3123344346","https://openalex.org/W3124049559","https://openalex.org/W3125899924","https://openalex.org/W3128971765","https://openalex.org/W4229737049","https://openalex.org/W4234616301","https://openalex.org/W4239446034","https://openalex.org/W4254148325","https://openalex.org/W4299643372","https://openalex.org/W4389830509","https://openalex.org/W6697360699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513800600","https://openalex.org/W7097898707","https://openalex.org/W4412232162","https://openalex.org/W1545237379","https://openalex.org/W3124395948","https://openalex.org/W7098833195","https://openalex.org/W1572792912","https://openalex.org/W3045877682","https://openalex.org/W3008558054","https://openalex.org/W2963940835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"valuable":[1,155],"are":[2,97,153],"cognitive":[3,40],"and":[4,49,56,59,128,138,150],"social":[5,50],"abilities":[6,41,140],"for":[7,81,89,156,173],"entrepreneurs\u2019":[8],"relative":[9,31],"to":[10,32,79,110],"employees\u2019":[11],"earnings?":[12,72],"We":[13],"answer":[14],"three":[15,112],"questions:":[16,113],"(1)":[17],"To":[18],"what":[19],"extent":[20],"does":[21],"a":[22,117,142,168],"composite":[23],"measure":[24],"of":[25,54,76,134,164],"ability":[26,51,67,80,115,152,165],"affect":[27,52,69],"an":[28,70],"entrepreneur's":[29],"earnings":[30,53],"wages":[33],"earned":[34],"by":[35,99],"employees?":[36],"(2)":[37],"Do":[38],"different":[39,132],"(e.g.,":[42],"math":[43],"ability,":[44],"language,":[45],"or":[46],"verbal":[47,137],"ability)":[48],"entrepreneurs":[55,127],"employees":[57,129],"differently?,":[58],"(3)":[60],"Does":[61],"the":[62,77,107,111,161],"balance":[63,159],"in":[64,83,160],"these":[65],"measured":[66],"levels":[68],"individual's":[71],"Our":[73,103],"(difference\u2010of\u2010difference)":[74],"estimates":[75],"returns":[78],"spells":[82],"entrepreneurship":[84],"versus":[85],"wage":[86],"employment":[87],"account":[88],"selectivity":[90],"into":[91],"entrepreneurial":[92,121],"positions":[93],"insofar":[94],"as":[95],"they":[96],"determined":[98],"fixed":[100],"individual":[101],"characteristics.":[102],"robust":[104],"results":[105],"provide":[106],"following":[108],"answers":[109],"General":[114],"has":[116],"stronger":[118,143],"impact":[119,144],"on":[120,124,145],"incomes":[122],"than":[123],"wages.":[125],"Moreover,":[126],"benefit":[130],"from":[131],"sets":[133],"specific":[135],"abilities:":[136],"clerical":[139],"have":[141],"wages,":[146],"whereas":[147],"mathematical,":[148],"social,":[149],"technical":[151],"more":[154],"entrepreneurs.":[157],"The":[158],"various":[162],"kinds":[163],"also":[166],"generates":[167],"higher":[169],"income,":[170],"but":[171],"only":[172],"entrepreneurs:":[174],"This":[175],"finding":[176],"supports":[177],"Lazear's":[178],"Jack\u2010of\u2010all\u2010Trades":[179],"theory.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}