{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022401113","doi":null,"title":"The medical ethos and social responsibility in clinical medicine.","display_name":"The medical ethos and social responsibility in clinical medicine.","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022401113","mag":"3022401113","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405593","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2593974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11405593","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Medical Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2593974/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109116121","display_name":"Charles K. Francis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52710748","display_name":"Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/038x2fh14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52710748"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C K Francis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA. ckfranci@cdrewu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA. ckfranci@cdrewu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52710748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109116121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52710748"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3704698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"93","issue":"5","first_page":"157","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13099","display_name":"Health, Medicine and Society","score":0.031700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-responsibility-of-physicians","display_name":"social responsibility of physicians","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postmodern-medicine","display_name":"postmodern medicine","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazism","display_name":"National Socialism","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuskegee-syphilis-study","display_name":"Tuskegee syphilis study","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managed-care","display_name":"managed care","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic health disparities","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-racism","display_name":"racism in medicine","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-discrimination","display_name":"genetic discrimination","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eugenics","display_name":"eugenics","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-patient-relationship","display_name":"physician-patient relationship","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-for-all","display_name":"health for all","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioethics","display_name":"bioethics","score":0.722000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776932993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484318","display_name":"Ethos","level":2,"score":0.8934206962585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5695391297340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5115669369697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.49109745025634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509535802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47783","display_name":"Postmodernism","level":2,"score":0.48728621006011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140610115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170480","display_name":"Eugenics","level":2,"score":0.4663583040237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45395416021347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.44348791241645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.43808713555336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126086293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237151","display_name":"Medical ethics","level":2,"score":0.42994633316993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.42181557416915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.3859119713306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3101917505264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.26011165976524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2560226321220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.1807878613471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.14095625281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004992","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008329","descriptor_name":"Managed Care Programs","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008329","descriptor_name":"Managed Care Programs","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011056","descriptor_name":"Political Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012941","descriptor_name":"Social Responsibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013587","descriptor_name":"Syphilis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015510","descriptor_name":"Clinical Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015510","descriptor_name":"Clinical Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016079","descriptor_name":"Refusal to Treat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11405593","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Medical Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2593974","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2593974/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:3022401113","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2593974","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2593974/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55094036","https://openalex.org/W1539412622","https://openalex.org/W1581106520","https://openalex.org/W1971579133","https://openalex.org/W1979651008","https://openalex.org/W1980931899","https://openalex.org/W1982407739","https://openalex.org/W1983120390","https://openalex.org/W1992629735","https://openalex.org/W1995542192","https://openalex.org/W1996888198","https://openalex.org/W2001371486","https://openalex.org/W2007606103","https://openalex.org/W2008108770","https://openalex.org/W2009645194","https://openalex.org/W2014526119","https://openalex.org/W2020226054","https://openalex.org/W2025046708","https://openalex.org/W2028280448","https://openalex.org/W2035410417","https://openalex.org/W2038556852","https://openalex.org/W2040077593","https://openalex.org/W2046189201","https://openalex.org/W2047740047","https://openalex.org/W2048582904","https://openalex.org/W2062879457","https://openalex.org/W2064488380","https://openalex.org/W2077170111","https://openalex.org/W2093427628","https://openalex.org/W2095017107","https://openalex.org/W2123107134","https://openalex.org/W2133429080","https://openalex.org/W2153785527","https://openalex.org/W2318964137","https://openalex.org/W2418252446","https://openalex.org/W4241829580"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150070414","https://openalex.org/W1995542192","https://openalex.org/W4590085","https://openalex.org/W2153699902","https://openalex.org/W2373087754","https://openalex.org/W4409525589","https://openalex.org/W2273769042","https://openalex.org/W4385657331","https://openalex.org/W6959902611","https://openalex.org/W2621378744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,238],"medical":[1,47,59,171,242],"profession":[2,243],"will":[3],"face":[4],"many":[5],"challenges":[6,78],"in":[7,17,97,133,153,244],"the":[8,21,27,43,46,58,65,76,91,109,114,117,120,148,166,170,181,187,214,217,220,223,228,232,241,245,254,262],"new":[9,246],"millennium.":[10],"As":[11],"medicine":[12,89],"looks":[13],"forward":[14],"to":[15,52,102,147,209,213,230,249,256,269],"advances":[16],"molecular":[18],"genetics":[19],"and":[20,29,36,49,64,94,100,119,139,163,175,178,180,219],"prospect":[22,182],"of":[23,26,31,45,57,79,116,151,160,169,183,189,192,197,201,216,222,236],"unprecedented":[24],"understanding":[25],"causes":[28],"cures":[30],"human":[32],"disease,":[33],"clinicians,":[34],"scientists":[35],"bioethicists":[37],"may":[38],"benefit":[39],"from":[40,129],"reflection":[41],"upon":[42],"origins":[44],"ethos":[48],"its":[50],"relevance":[51],"postmodern":[53,195],"medicine.":[54],"Past":[55],"distortions":[56,162],"ethos,":[60,172],"such":[61],"as":[62,69,71,88,105,141,143],"Nazism":[63],"Tuskegee":[66,121],"Syphilis":[67,122],"Study,":[68],"well":[70,142],"more":[72],"recent":[73],"experience":[74],"with":[75,227],"ethical":[77],"employer-based":[80],"market":[81],"driven":[82],"managed":[83],"care,":[84],"provide":[85],"important":[86],"lessons":[87],"contemplates":[90],"future.":[92],"Racial":[93],"ethnic":[95,176],"disparities":[96,177],"health":[98,134,179,233,259],"status":[99,135],"access":[101],"care":[103,234,260],"serve":[104],"a":[106,158,194,202,207],"reminders":[107],"that":[108,112],"racial":[110,174],"doctrines":[111],"fostered":[113],"horrors":[115],"Holocaust":[118],"Study":[123],"have":[124],"not":[125],"been":[126],"completely":[127],"removed":[128],"contemporary":[130],"thinking.":[131],"Inequalities":[132],"based":[136],"on":[137],"race":[138],"ethnicity,":[140],"socioeconomic":[144],"status,":[145],"attest":[146],"inescapable":[149],"reality":[150],"racism":[152],"America.":[154],"When":[155],"viewed":[156],"against":[157,226],"background":[159],"historical":[161],"disregard":[164],"for":[165,261,272],"traditional":[167],"tenets":[168],"persistent":[173],"genetic":[184],"engineering":[185],"raise":[186],"specter":[188],"discrimination":[190],"because":[191],"genotype,":[193],"version":[196],"\"racist":[198],"medicine\"":[199],"or":[200],"\"new":[203],"eugenics.\"":[204],"There":[205],"is":[206,248],"need":[208,229],"balance":[210],"medicine's":[211],"devotion":[212],"wellbeing":[215],"patient":[218,264],"primacy":[221],"patient-physician":[224],"relationship":[225],"meet":[231],"needs":[235],"society.":[237],"challenge":[239],"facing":[240],"millennium":[247],"establish":[250],"an":[251],"equilibrium":[252],"between":[253],"responsibility":[255],"assure":[257],"quality":[258],"individual":[263],"while":[265],"affecting":[266],"societal":[267],"changes":[268],"achieve":[270],"\"health":[271],"all.\"":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}
