{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021827133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","title":"Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships","display_name":"Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021827133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","mag":"3021827133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110770632","display_name":"Roberto Rigobon B C","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Rigobon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sloan School of Management MIT , Room E52-431 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge , MA 02142-1347 and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sloan School of Management MIT , Room E52-431 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge , MA 02142-1347 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113832316","display_name":"Dani Rodrik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-5762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-5762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dani Rodrik","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Government Harvard University 79 JFK Street Cambridge , MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Government Harvard University 79 JFK Street Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":352,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.4616999924182892,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.4616999924182892,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.42969998717308044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.06210000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-law","display_name":"rule of law","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-openness","display_name":"economic openness","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-institutions","display_name":"economic institutions","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-institutions","display_name":"political institutions","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income","display_name":"income","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-performance","display_name":"economic performance","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonialism","display_name":"colonialism","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-research","display_name":"cross-country analysis","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.9496545195579529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7873989343643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776847301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44918","display_name":"Rule of law","level":3,"score":0.6920920610427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5588229298591614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5227482318878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4872094988822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27714061737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24900203943252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10750","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10750.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10750.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012979259","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10750.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10750.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3021827133","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:4653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3143661078","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/10750.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:4653","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=4653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021827133.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021827133.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582034398","https://openalex.org/W1509589189","https://openalex.org/W1585182641","https://openalex.org/W1607302545","https://openalex.org/W1810045679","https://openalex.org/W1977433163","https://openalex.org/W1999162763","https://openalex.org/W2001625347","https://openalex.org/W2002115391","https://openalex.org/W2010235856","https://openalex.org/W2011474190","https://openalex.org/W2011487064","https://openalex.org/W2017303147","https://openalex.org/W2020958936","https://openalex.org/W2026057605","https://openalex.org/W2065147351","https://openalex.org/W2086831457","https://openalex.org/W2095701068","https://openalex.org/W2105278501","https://openalex.org/W2110373102","https://openalex.org/W2117163057","https://openalex.org/W2129023625","https://openalex.org/W2133062202","https://openalex.org/W2171745074","https://openalex.org/W2588728401","https://openalex.org/W2797580618","https://openalex.org/W2798462310","https://openalex.org/W2890314743","https://openalex.org/W2994756033","https://openalex.org/W3023877969","https://openalex.org/W3121534672","https://openalex.org/W3121542497","https://openalex.org/W3121574189","https://openalex.org/W3122361921","https://openalex.org/W3122513675","https://openalex.org/W3123424386","https://openalex.org/W3124131699","https://openalex.org/W3124166904","https://openalex.org/W3124566143","https://openalex.org/W3126130301","https://openalex.org/W4239455462","https://openalex.org/W4240669445","https://openalex.org/W4245705913","https://openalex.org/W4298084154","https://openalex.org/W4298421306","https://openalex.org/W4300611686","https://openalex.org/W4300848461","https://openalex.org/W4300944134","https://openalex.org/W6636508167","https://openalex.org/W6650650020","https://openalex.org/W6679520161","https://openalex.org/W6681623403","https://openalex.org/W6789213037","https://openalex.org/W7019802314"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3119817639","https://openalex.org/W7097573908","https://openalex.org/W3134396338","https://openalex.org/W7096519144","https://openalex.org/W3123474668","https://openalex.org/W7113261135","https://openalex.org/W3123714728","https://openalex.org/W7211927139","https://openalex.org/W2157100385","https://openalex.org/W4404284728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"estimate":[1],"the":[2,44,47,61,72],"interrelationships":[3],"among":[4],"economic":[5,69],"institutions,":[6,8,105],"political":[7],"openness,":[9],"and":[10,29,60,89,103,115],"income":[11,87,99],"levels,":[12],"using":[13],"identification":[14],"through":[15],"heteroskedasticity":[16],"(IH).We":[17],"split":[18],"our":[19],"cross-national":[20],"dataset":[21],"into":[22],"two":[23,52],"sub-samples:":[24],"(i)":[25],"colonies":[26],"versus":[27,36],"non-colonies;":[28],"(ii)":[30],"continents":[31],"aligned":[32,38],"on":[33,39,79,86,95],"an":[34],"East-West":[35],"those":[37],"a":[40,75,83,92],"North-South":[41],"axis.We":[42],"exploit":[43],"difference":[45],"in":[46,50],"structural":[48],"variances":[49],"these":[51,107],"sub-samples":[53],"to":[54,118],"gain":[55],"identification.We":[56],"find":[57],"that":[58],"democracy":[59,116],"rule":[62,96],"of":[63,97,113],"law":[64,114],"are":[65,109],"both":[66],"good":[67],"for":[68],"performance,":[70],"but":[71,91,106],"latter":[73],"has":[74,82],"much":[76],"stronger":[77],"impact":[78,85],"incomes.Openness":[80],"(trade/GDP)":[81],"negative":[84],"levels":[88],"democracy,":[90],"positive":[93],"effect":[94],"law.Higher":[98],"produces":[100],"greater":[101],"openness":[102],"better":[104],"effects":[108],"not":[110],"very":[111],"strong.Rule":[112],"tend":[117],"be":[119],"mutually":[120],"reinforcing.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}
