{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017369617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","title":"Coarse-Grained Model of Underground Thermal Energy Storage Applied to Efficiency Optimization","display_name":"Coarse-Grained Model of Underground Thermal Energy Storage Applied to Efficiency Optimization","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017369617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","mag":"3017369617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en13081918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069656520","display_name":"Anders E Carlsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2535-8714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2535-8714"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anders E. Carlsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2535-8714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069656520"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01879179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"1918","last_page":"1918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11225","display_name":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","score":0.8817999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11225","display_name":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","score":0.8817999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.10639999806880951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11774","display_name":"Adsorption and Cooling Systems","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underground-thermal-energy-storage","display_name":"underground thermal energy storage","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-thermal-energy-storage","display_name":"seasonal thermal energy storage","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/borehole-arrays","display_name":"borehole arrays","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coarse-grained-models","display_name":"coarse-grained models","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storage-capacity-optimization","display_name":"storage capacity optimization","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-intermittency","display_name":"renewable energy intermittency","score":0.8140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150560799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102","display_name":"Borehole","level":2,"score":0.8544156551361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5771358013153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5642122030258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5477390885353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183287310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963","display_name":"Thermal energy storage","level":2,"score":0.5407915115356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988574769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2259545","display_name":"Water flow","level":2,"score":0.5204782485961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.5202204585075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5142325758934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4945933520793915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666248","display_name":"Intermittency","level":3,"score":0.4837460517883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3570881485939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.3411412239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3204606771469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.30142951011657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26480966806411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.22490450739860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21403324604034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.21339142322540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21232819557189941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17721480131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09418845176696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08956784009933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en13081918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:8:p:1918-:d:345288","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1918/","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1918/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:914650dbea7d4c9db3f82c12c685fa1e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/914650dbea7d4c9db3f82c12c685fa1e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 13, Iss 8, p 1918 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en13081918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9889000058174133,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.685699999332428,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017369617.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017369617.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1613936688","https://openalex.org/W1680955843","https://openalex.org/W2113408001","https://openalex.org/W2139247256","https://openalex.org/W2179683481","https://openalex.org/W2204564432","https://openalex.org/W2262860232","https://openalex.org/W2306898755","https://openalex.org/W2315511163","https://openalex.org/W2326773504","https://openalex.org/W2471344412","https://openalex.org/W2557054324","https://openalex.org/W2619305699","https://openalex.org/W2779223620","https://openalex.org/W2791047212","https://openalex.org/W2809688131","https://openalex.org/W2921243641","https://openalex.org/W4233707444","https://openalex.org/W6946095655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172378612","https://openalex.org/W2112226897","https://openalex.org/W4387102717","https://openalex.org/W6983486625","https://openalex.org/W1976308201","https://openalex.org/W3015509678","https://openalex.org/W2981334231","https://openalex.org/W2903245602","https://openalex.org/W7117410149","https://openalex.org/W6926116858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Seasonal":[0],"storage":[1,49,119],"of":[2,30,33,47,59,81,140],"thermal":[3],"energy,":[4],"by":[5,107,121],"pumping":[6],"heated":[7,106],"water":[8,19,68,89,105],"through":[9],"a":[10,40,54,71,124,127],"borehole":[11,73],"array":[12,109,114],"in":[13,24,43,70],"the":[14,18,25,31,45,66,78,82,108,113,118,132,138,145],"summer,":[15],"and":[16,87,91],"reversing":[17],"flow":[20,69],"to":[21,96],"extract":[22],"heat":[23],"winter,":[26],"can":[27,38,116],"ameliorate":[28],"some":[29],"intermittency":[32],"renewable":[34],"energy":[35],"sources.":[36],"Simulation":[37],"be":[39,97],"valuable":[41],"tool":[42],"enhancing":[44],"efficiency":[46],"such":[48],"systems.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"develops":[53],"simple,":[55],"efficient":[56],"mathematical":[57],"model":[58,76],"spatial":[60],"temperature":[61,83],"dynamics":[62],"that":[63],"focuses":[64],"on":[65,103],"radial":[67],"cylindrical":[72],"array.":[74],"The":[75],"calculates":[77],"time":[79],"course":[80],"difference":[84],"between":[85],"outgoing":[86],"incoming":[88],"accurately,":[90],"allows":[92],"new":[93],"optimization":[94],"strategies":[95],"explored":[98],"easily.":[99],"A":[100],"strategy":[101],"based":[102],"discharging":[104],"before":[110],"it":[111],"reaches":[112],"center":[115],"increase":[117],"capacity":[120],"25%":[122],"for":[123],"system":[125],"with":[126],"20%":[128],"smaller":[129],"radius":[130],"than":[131],"well-studied":[133],"Drake":[134],"Landing":[135],"system.":[136],"If":[137],"density":[139],"boreholes":[141],"is":[142,147],"also":[143],"doubled,":[144],"improvement":[146],"29%.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-04-24T00:00:00"}