{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015459136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","title":"The realism paradox: Realism can act as a form of signaling despite being associated with cognitive load","display_name":"The realism paradox: Realism can act as a form of signaling despite being associated with cognitive load","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015459136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","mag":"3015459136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/hbe2.190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/hbe2.190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211861","display_name":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","issn_l":"2578-1863","issn":["2578-1863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/hbe2.190","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030423272","display_name":"Alexander Skulmowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1682-021X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1682-021X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Skulmowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1682-021X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001896504","display_name":"G\u00fcnter Daniel Rey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-8478","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-8478"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcnter Daniel Rey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology of Learning with Digital Media, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030423272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":5.5646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95783483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"251","last_page":"258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signaling","display_name":"signaling","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"cognitive load","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraneous-cognitive-load","display_name":"extraneous cognitive load","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load-theory","display_name":"cognitive load theory","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomical-visualization","display_name":"anatomical visualization","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retention","display_name":"retention","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-performance","display_name":"learning performance","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention","display_name":"attention","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.8640344142913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.7624886631965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192328126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4514647","display_name":"Schematic","level":2,"score":0.723446249961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5881267786026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5790926814079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5610090494155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5183535814285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44277697801589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43886223435401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33402764797210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.27566224336624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2469087541103363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13958647847175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08641919493675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/hbe2.190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/hbe2.190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211861","display_name":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","issn_l":"2578-1863","issn":["2578-1863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/hbe2.190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.190","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/hbe2.190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211861","display_name":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","issn_l":"2578-1863","issn":["2578-1863"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7599999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015459136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015459136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140243271","https://openalex.org/W1488235418","https://openalex.org/W1549037136","https://openalex.org/W1597902348","https://openalex.org/W1713960553","https://openalex.org/W1967374003","https://openalex.org/W1979387817","https://openalex.org/W1995502814","https://openalex.org/W2007806712","https://openalex.org/W2022337779","https://openalex.org/W2026642368","https://openalex.org/W2027429247","https://openalex.org/W2035901571","https://openalex.org/W2054045882","https://openalex.org/W2061640446","https://openalex.org/W2070224711","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2096036274","https://openalex.org/W2120473918","https://openalex.org/W2136848432","https://openalex.org/W2138921773","https://openalex.org/W2150192835","https://openalex.org/W2169882442","https://openalex.org/W2213284889","https://openalex.org/W2261302957","https://openalex.org/W2285367052","https://openalex.org/W2290468247","https://openalex.org/W2294540033","https://openalex.org/W2418579454","https://openalex.org/W2475382625","https://openalex.org/W2521185904","https://openalex.org/W2614313421","https://openalex.org/W2693444101","https://openalex.org/W2739234337","https://openalex.org/W2757017976","https://openalex.org/W2767740804","https://openalex.org/W2770853336","https://openalex.org/W2791264377","https://openalex.org/W2809417050","https://openalex.org/W2910316139","https://openalex.org/W2911251831","https://openalex.org/W2913144876","https://openalex.org/W2922497623","https://openalex.org/W2947327091","https://openalex.org/W3010594346","https://openalex.org/W3098349105","https://openalex.org/W4230201700","https://openalex.org/W4243245460","https://openalex.org/W4254687493","https://openalex.org/W4255651491","https://openalex.org/W4300940930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404092474","https://openalex.org/W4224089311","https://openalex.org/W4393046196","https://openalex.org/W3202841309","https://openalex.org/W4361730870","https://openalex.org/W3077052596","https://openalex.org/W4206421736","https://openalex.org/W2791264377","https://openalex.org/W2061640446","https://openalex.org/W7156862915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Realistic":[0],"graphics":[1],"have":[2],"been":[3,35],"found":[4,118],"to":[5,37,60,133,183],"result":[6],"in":[7,44,68,148,163],"a":[8,83,127],"worse":[9],"learning":[10,160],"performance":[11,109],"than":[12],"schematic":[13,103],"visualizations.":[14,72],"These":[15],"negative":[16],"results":[17,53,144],"of":[18,40,47,71,85,139,150,171,181],"realism":[19,33,56,78,140,182],"are":[20],"usually":[21],"explained":[22,147],"by":[23],"assuming":[24],"that":[25,55,77,119,156,175],"realistic":[26,100,114],"visualizations":[27],"induce":[28],"more":[29,157],"cognitive":[30,42,48],"load.":[31],"Therefore,":[32],"has":[34],"linked":[36],"the":[38,45,75,113,151,172,179],"facet":[39],"extraneous":[41,120],"load":[43,49,121],"model":[46],"theory.":[50],"However,":[51],"recent":[52],"indicate":[54],"may":[57,177],"be":[58,80,146],"used":[59,81],"good":[61],"advantage":[62],"when":[63,126],"it":[64],"is":[65,174],"utilized":[66],"only":[67],"selected":[69],"parts":[70],"We":[73],"tested":[74],"hypothesis":[76],"can":[79,145,162],"as":[82],"form":[84],"signaling.":[86],"In":[87],"an":[88],"experimental":[89],"study":[90,173],"(N":[91],"=":[92],"50),":[93],"we":[94,117],"presented":[95],"each":[96],"participant":[97],"with":[98],"one":[99,102],"and":[101],"anatomical":[104],"visualization.":[105],"As":[106],"predicted,":[107],"retention":[108],"was":[110,131,141],"highest":[111],"for":[112],"components.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"ratings":[122],"were":[123],"overall":[124],"higher":[125],"particularly":[128],"detailed":[129],"visualization":[130],"shown":[132],"participants":[134],"(although":[135],"no":[136],"main":[137],"effect":[138],"found).":[142],"Our":[143],"terms":[149],"disfluency":[152],"effect,":[153],"which":[154],"holds":[155],"visually":[158],"demanding":[159],"materials":[161],"some":[164],"cases":[165],"enhance":[166],"learning.":[167],"An":[168],"important":[169],"implication":[170],"educators":[176],"use":[178],"degree":[180],"focus":[184],"learners'":[185],"attention.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2020-04-17T00:00:00"}