{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3014039747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","title":"The Effects of Employment on Influenza Rates","display_name":"The Effects of Employment on Influenza Rates","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3014039747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","mag":"3014039747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w15796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090355773","display_name":"Sara Markowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-2145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-2145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Markowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta , GA 30322 and","Ball State University Department of Economics Miller College of Business Whitinger Business Building, Room 201 Muncie, IN 47306","Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322","Department of MIDE University of Alabama at Birmingham Collat School of Business 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35294","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta , GA 30322 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ball State University Department of Economics Miller College of Business Whitinger Business Building, Room 201 Muncie, IN 47306","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of MIDE University of Alabama at Birmingham Collat School of Business 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35294","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014622372","display_name":"Erik T. Nesson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-0495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-0495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Nesson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ball State University Department of Economics Miller College of Business Whitinger Business Building, Room 201 Muncie, IN 47306","Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322","Department of MIDE University of Alabama at Birmingham Collat School of Business 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35294","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ball State University Department of Economics Miller College of Business Whitinger Business Building, Room 201 Muncie, IN 47306","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of MIDE University of Alabama at Birmingham Collat School of Business 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35294","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064844354","display_name":"Joshua J. Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3391-6202","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3391-6202","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4000-1679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ball State University Department of Economics Miller College of Business Whitinger Business Building, Room 201 Muncie, IN 47306","Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322","Department of MIDE University of Alabama at Birmingham Collat School of Business 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35294","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ball State University Department of Economics Miller College of Business Whitinger Business Building, Room 201 Muncie, IN 47306","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics Emory University Rich Memorial Building 1602 Fishburne Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of MIDE University of Alabama at Birmingham Collat School of Business 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35294","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11243","display_name":"Respiratory viral infections research","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-influenza","display_name":"seasonal influenza","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment","display_name":"employment","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influenza-incidence","display_name":"influenza incidence","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-visits","display_name":"physician visits","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-transmission","display_name":"workplace transmission","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-contact","display_name":"interpersonal contact","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retail-trade","display_name":"retail trade","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-sector","display_name":"health sector","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-statistics","display_name":"state-level data","score":0.4819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019926118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2723958","display_name":"Influenza pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4855039119720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.39523789286613464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3787021040916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3086971938610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20091065764427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.18282443284988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1680511236190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w15796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w15796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3014039747.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3014039747.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1621273754","https://openalex.org/W1947341969","https://openalex.org/W2001187841","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2035554302","https://openalex.org/W2039467332","https://openalex.org/W2042654496","https://openalex.org/W2074399085","https://openalex.org/W2095733640","https://openalex.org/W2106606013","https://openalex.org/W2107565995","https://openalex.org/W2111943979","https://openalex.org/W2116405120","https://openalex.org/W2125684344","https://openalex.org/W2134246329","https://openalex.org/W2146982119","https://openalex.org/W2161811541","https://openalex.org/W2164359947","https://openalex.org/W2171931639","https://openalex.org/W2175387505","https://openalex.org/W2748877251","https://openalex.org/W3021864519","https://openalex.org/W3025011507","https://openalex.org/W3025142492","https://openalex.org/W3123324367","https://openalex.org/W6684945110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096127696","https://openalex.org/W3175760458","https://openalex.org/W3118375779","https://openalex.org/W1998839875","https://openalex.org/W1621273754","https://openalex.org/W4376638404","https://openalex.org/W2744901518","https://openalex.org/W2153607678","https://openalex.org/W1565885569","https://openalex.org/W7100042360"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"seasonal":[1],"influenza":[2,101],"virus":[3],"afflicts":[4],"millions":[5],"of":[6,62,71,100,128],"people":[7],"in":[8,55,93,115],"the":[9,26,63,69,72,75,94,98,116,122,125],"U.S.":[10],"population":[11],"each":[12],"year,":[13],"imposing":[14],"significant":[15],"costs":[16],"on":[17,68],"those":[18],"who":[19],"fall":[20],"ill,":[21],"their":[22],"families,":[23],"employers,":[24],"and":[25,39,80,109,119],"health":[27],"care":[28],"system.The":[29],"flu":[30,73],"is":[31],"transmitted":[32],"via":[33],"droplet":[34],"spread":[35],"or":[36,45],"close":[37],"contact,":[38],"certain":[40],"environments,":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"schools":[44],"offices,":[46],"promote":[47],"transmission.In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,85],"examine":[52],"whether":[53],"increases":[54,97],"employment":[56,95],"are":[57,112],"associated":[58],"with":[59,124],"increased":[60],"incidence":[61],"flu.We":[64],"use":[65],"state-level":[66],"data":[67],"prevalence":[70],"from":[74],"Centers":[76],"for":[77],"Disease":[78],"Control":[79],"Prevention.In":[81],"our":[82],"preferred":[83],"specification,":[84],"find":[86],"that":[87],"a":[88],"one":[89],"percentage":[90],"point":[91],"increase":[92],"rate":[96],"number":[99],"related":[102],"doctor":[103],"visits":[104],"by":[105],"about":[106],"16":[107],"percent,":[108],"these":[110],"effects":[111],"highly":[113],"pronounced":[114],"retail":[117],"sector":[118],"healthcare":[120],"sector,":[121],"sectors":[123],"highest":[126],"levels":[127],"interpersonal":[129],"contact.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2020-04-03T00:00:00"}