{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013549484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","title":"Disaster Mitigation in Urban Pakistan Using Agent Based Modeling with GIS","display_name":"Disaster Mitigation in Urban Pakistan Using Agent Based Modeling with GIS","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013549484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","mag":"3013549484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9040203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/4/203/pdf?version=1586439758","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/4/203/pdf?version=1586439758","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327875","display_name":"Ayesha Maqbool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-3661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-3661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Maqbool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019390260","display_name":"Zain ul Abideen Usmani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zain ul Abideen Usmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011721005","display_name":"Farkhanda Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-7598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-7598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farkhanda Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities & Basic Sciences, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-7598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities & Basic Sciences, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076090755","display_name":"Alia Razia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alia Razia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities & Basic Sciences, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities & Basic Sciences, Military College of Signal, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005327875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"fwci":1.0345,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77096667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"203","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.7773000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.7773000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.1080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14410","display_name":"Safety and Risk Management","score":0.09480000287294388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-mitigation","display_name":"disaster mitigation","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-disaster-management","display_name":"urban disaster management","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-based-modeling","display_name":"agent-based modeling","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"resource allocation","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambulance-allocation","display_name":"ambulance allocation","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-service","display_name":"fire departments","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allocation-algorithms","display_name":"allocation algorithms","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-come-first-served","display_name":"first come first served","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlogo","display_name":"NetLogo","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rawalpindi","display_name":"Rawalpindi","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gis-based-simulation","display_name":"GIS-based simulation","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167221231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672307","display_name":"NetLogo","level":2,"score":0.8125113844871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6392004489898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.6061406135559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.5947684645652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5425397157669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62555980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420","display_name":"Emergency management","level":2,"score":0.5063754320144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.49022728204727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392811","display_name":"Agent-based model","level":2,"score":0.449440062046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4424934685230255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4414253830909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3615730106830597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3254029154777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19998595118522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19513186812400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14524966478347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08322104811668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9040203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/4/203/pdf?version=1586439758","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4203a9a097bd45129ee69c12d885a552","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4203a9a097bd45129ee69c12d885a552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 4, p 203 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9040203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/4/203/pdf?version=1586439758","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8787999749183655}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327756","display_name":"National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/019vsm959"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013549484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013549484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1646414198","https://openalex.org/W1972463350","https://openalex.org/W2023856425","https://openalex.org/W2047293034","https://openalex.org/W2068566359","https://openalex.org/W2108349206","https://openalex.org/W2203413179","https://openalex.org/W2211817502","https://openalex.org/W2227683713","https://openalex.org/W2510137959","https://openalex.org/W2562672378","https://openalex.org/W2568907946","https://openalex.org/W2735364196","https://openalex.org/W2766372563","https://openalex.org/W2780125680","https://openalex.org/W2791299923","https://openalex.org/W2793538957","https://openalex.org/W2907762210","https://openalex.org/W4250071513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503068047","https://openalex.org/W596108739","https://openalex.org/W2097856153","https://openalex.org/W2147570243","https://openalex.org/W2043634488","https://openalex.org/W7117296150","https://openalex.org/W2626417896","https://openalex.org/W7217958700","https://openalex.org/W1524577570","https://openalex.org/W2783044399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,32],"propose":[4],"an":[5,18,50],"application":[6],"of":[7,21,37,55,68,90,105,114,118,190],"agent":[8],"based":[9,166],"modeling":[10],"(ABM)":[11],"and":[12,57,88,139,171,194],"simulation":[13,89],"for":[14,98,112,175],"disaster":[15,42,99,155,176],"mitigation":[16],"in":[17,49,66,101,149,157],"urban":[19,103],"region":[20],"Pakistan.":[22,106],"Pakistan":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25],"working":[26],"over":[27],"the":[28,34,61,102,127,163,180],"past":[29],"few":[30],"decades":[31],"reduce":[33],"risk":[35],"factor":[36,75],"disasters":[38],"by":[39,151],"using":[40,92,184],"different":[41],"management":[43,100],"approaches.":[44],"However,":[45],"these":[46],"efforts":[47],"are":[48,60,85],"early":[51],"stage.":[52],"Although":[53],"lack":[54],"planning":[56],"unchecked":[58],"urbanization":[59],"main":[62],"hurdles,":[63],"insufficient":[64],"resources":[65],"terms":[67],"technology":[69],"is":[70],"also":[71],"a":[72,153],"major":[73],"contributing":[74],"that":[76],"impedes":[77],"achieving":[78],"desired":[79],"results.":[80],"In":[81,126,160],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84,130],"proposing":[86],"ABM":[87],"approaches":[91],"geographical":[93],"information":[94],"system":[95],"(GIS)":[96],"maps":[97],"locality":[104],"The":[107],"conceptual":[108],"model":[109],"was":[110,165],"implemented":[111],"analysis":[113],"resource":[115,169,181],"allocation":[116,133,173,182],"(RA)":[117],"first":[119,140,142],"response":[120],"units":[121],"(ambulances,":[122],"fire":[123],"brigade,":[124],"etc.).":[125],"proposed":[128],"model,":[129],"used":[131],"two":[132],"algorithms;":[134],"high":[135],"severity":[136],"level":[137],"(HSL)":[138],"come":[141],"serve":[143],"(FCFS).":[144],"These":[145],"algorithms":[146],"were":[147],"simulated":[148],"NetLogo":[150],"creating":[152],"hypothetical":[154],"scenario":[156],"Rawalpindi":[158],"city.":[159],"our":[161],"experiments,":[162],"design":[164],"on":[167],"demand,":[168],"agents,":[170],"their":[172],"behavior":[174],"management.":[177],"We":[178],"analyzed":[179],"mechanism":[183],"average":[185],"wait":[186],"time,":[187,193],"overall":[188],"number":[189],"demands,":[191],"execution":[192],"unallocated":[195],"demands":[196],"as":[197],"performance":[198],"measures.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2020-04-03T00:00:00"}