{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3012015296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","title":"A chomped chimp: New evidence of tooth marks on an adult chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes verus )","display_name":"A chomped chimp: New evidence of tooth marks on an adult chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes verus )","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3012015296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","mag":"3012015296","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32170724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajpa.24049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajpa.24049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126146781","display_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","issn_l":"0002-9483","issn":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajpa.24049","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005100697","display_name":"Andrea R. Eller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-7568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-7568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341618623","display_name":"National Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz47042","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea R. Eller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-7568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058163848","display_name":"Briana L. Pobiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5051-9175","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5051-9175"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341618623","display_name":"National Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz47042","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Briana Pobiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5051-9175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027795592","display_name":"Sadie Friend","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53559539","display_name":"Radford University","ror":"https://ror.org/04647g470","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53559539"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadie Friend","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53559539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075040472","display_name":"Rita M. Austin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-517X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-517X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341618623","display_name":"National Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz47042","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita M. Austin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011262097","display_name":"Courtney A. Hofman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-3370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-3370"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341618623","display_name":"National Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz47042","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Courtney A. Hofman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-3370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066710461","display_name":"Sabrina B. Sholts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-0578","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-0578"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341618623","display_name":"National Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/00cz47042","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabrina B. Sholts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-0578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005100697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I1341618623"],"apc_list":{"value":4200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4200},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2729,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62192808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"172","issue":"1","first_page":"140","last_page":"147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.3515999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.3515999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.24619999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.2069000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimpanzees","display_name":"chimpanzees","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pan-troglodytes-verus","display_name":"Pan troglodytes verus","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tooth-marks","display_name":"tooth marks","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leopard-predation","display_name":"leopard predation","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leopard","display_name":"leopard","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-mortem-damage","display_name":"postmortem damage","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-apes","display_name":"fossil apes","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3888717","display_name":"Troglodytes","level":2,"score":0.8521561026573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778234026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7377","display_name":"Mammal","level":2,"score":0.8245629072189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163528473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81875","display_name":"Carnivore","level":3,"score":0.6949348449707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779300802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13147","display_name":"Skull","level":2,"score":0.5963399410247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5611772537231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.5305778384208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188126409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641973","display_name":"Dentition","level":2,"score":0.5198274254798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908714237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599672","display_name":"Pongo pygmaeus","level":2,"score":0.4708658754825592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30330653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258192","display_name":"Endocast","level":3,"score":0.46155476570129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.43158090114593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23161992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2922301","display_name":"Hum","level":3,"score":0.4200007915496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.3732636570930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.12243732810020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.10465452075004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.10400465130805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554144382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156","display_name":"Performance art","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002679","descriptor_name":"Pan troglodytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007560","descriptor_name":"Cote d'Ivoire","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011235","descriptor_name":"Predatory Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012886","descriptor_name":"Skull","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046009","descriptor_name":"Panthera","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajpa.24049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajpa.24049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126146781","display_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","issn_l":"0002-9483","issn":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32170724","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32170724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of physical anthropology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajpa.24049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24049","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajpa.24049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126146781","display_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","issn_l":"0002-9483","issn":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5721401430","display_name":"REU Site:   Natural History Research Experiences","funder_award_id":"1560088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3012015296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3012015296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W244019972","https://openalex.org/W572930343","https://openalex.org/W593897399","https://openalex.org/W1968568170","https://openalex.org/W1982581194","https://openalex.org/W1991679794","https://openalex.org/W2007248523","https://openalex.org/W2007496368","https://openalex.org/W2016882998","https://openalex.org/W2020775020","https://openalex.org/W2029282231","https://openalex.org/W2030571959","https://openalex.org/W2035571980","https://openalex.org/W2039215853","https://openalex.org/W2057477806","https://openalex.org/W2068116693","https://openalex.org/W2083901197","https://openalex.org/W2084332722","https://openalex.org/W2089083458","https://openalex.org/W2090858498","https://openalex.org/W2098237024","https://openalex.org/W2109439614","https://openalex.org/W2111634303","https://openalex.org/W2118761285","https://openalex.org/W2133341986","https://openalex.org/W2147380114","https://openalex.org/W2170379213","https://openalex.org/W2248802627","https://openalex.org/W2299678448","https://openalex.org/W2506906619","https://openalex.org/W2580889026","https://openalex.org/W2613039516","https://openalex.org/W2766189018","https://openalex.org/W2901340097","https://openalex.org/W2912288332","https://openalex.org/W2939812749","https://openalex.org/W4256301984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030571959","https://openalex.org/W3160425550","https://openalex.org/W2090858498","https://openalex.org/W7203820272","https://openalex.org/W3134523317","https://openalex.org/W2012512145","https://openalex.org/W3080268738","https://openalex.org/W1996378075","https://openalex.org/W2946558521","https://openalex.org/W2079244102"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"To":[1],"describe":[2],"and":[3,42,54,59,86,94,123,130,162,235,241,249],"interpret":[4,236],"previously":[5],"unreported":[6],"marks":[7,36,99,178,202,223],"on":[8,37,160,179],"the":[9,23,38,48,83,98,144,170,175,180,187,209,247],"dry":[10],"cranium":[11,39,76],"of":[12,27,47,113,148,174,190,199,215,239,243],"an":[13],"adult":[14,218],"chimpanzee":[15,200,219],"(Pan":[16],"troglodytes":[17],"verus)":[18],"from":[19],"C\u00f4te":[20],"d'Ivoire":[21],"at":[22,110],"Smithsonian's":[24],"National":[25],"Museum":[26],"Natural":[28],"History":[29],"(USNM":[30],"450071).":[31],"MATERIALS":[32],"AND":[33],"METHODS:":[34],"All":[35],"were":[40,61],"documented":[41],"assessed":[43],"through":[44],"physical":[45],"examination":[46],"specimen,":[49],"photography,":[50],"micro-computed":[51],"tomography":[52],"(micro-CT),":[53],"3D":[55],"laser":[56],"scanning.":[57],"Pits":[58],"punctures":[60,124],"measured":[62],"with":[63,68,138],"digital":[64],"calipers":[65],"for":[66,203],"comparison":[67],"published":[69,197],"carnivore":[70],"tooth":[71,121,201,222],"mark":[72],"measurements.":[73],"RESULTS:":[74],"The":[75,119],"shows":[77],"perimortem":[78],"or":[79],"postmortem":[80],"damage":[81,102],"to":[82,152,213,232],"temporal,":[84],"occipital,":[85],"maxillary":[87],"regions":[88],"that":[89,167],"is":[90,208],"not":[91],"recent.":[92],"Size":[93],"color":[95],"variation":[96],"in":[97,127,133,136,246],"suggest":[100],"two":[101],"events,":[103],"possibly":[104],"involving":[105],"chewing":[106],"by":[107,141,224],"different":[108],"animals,":[109],"least":[111],"one":[112],"which":[114],"was":[115],"a":[116,216,225],"large-bodied":[117,244],"mammal.":[118],"22":[120],"pits":[122],"(0.89-8.75":[125],"mm":[126,132],"maximum":[128],"length":[129],"0.88-6.63":[131],"breadth)":[134],"overlap":[135],"size":[137],"those":[139],"inflicted":[140],"wild":[142],"leopards,":[143],"most":[145,171,176,210],"significant":[146],"predators":[147],"common":[149],"chimpanzees":[150],"due":[151],"their":[153],"largely":[154],"overlapping":[155],"ecological":[156],"distributions.":[157],"CONCLUSIONS:":[158],"Based":[159],"qualitative":[161],"quantitative":[163],"evidence,":[164],"we":[165,183],"conclude":[166],"leopards":[168],"are":[169,195],"likely":[172],"cause":[173],"prominent":[177],"cranium.":[181],"However,":[182],"cannot":[184],"rule":[185],"out":[186],"additional":[188],"possibility":[189],"other":[191,237],"chimpanzees,":[192],"although":[193],"there":[194],"no":[196],"studies":[198],"direct":[204],"comparison.":[205],"This":[206],"study":[207],"extensive":[211],"documentation":[212],"date":[214],"modern":[217,248],"skull":[220],"exhibiting":[221],"large":[226],"mammal,":[227],"thus":[228],"providing":[229],"new":[230],"evidence":[231],"help":[233],"identify":[234],"events":[238],"predation":[240],"scavenging":[242],"apes":[245],"fossil":[250],"records.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2020-03-23T00:00:00"}