{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010803959","doi":null,"title":"Subdimensional particle structure of higher rank U (1) spin liquid","display_name":"Subdimensional particle structure of higher rank U (1) spin liquid","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010803959","mag":"3010803959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/110295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Physical Society","raw_type":"Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110295","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041538171","display_name":"Michael Pretko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-0186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-0186"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pretko, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041538171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31288939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11682","display_name":"Advanced Condensed Matter Physics","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11682","display_name":"Advanced Condensed Matter Physics","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10591","display_name":"Theoretical and Computational Physics","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-liquid","display_name":"spin liquid","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-1-gauge-theory","display_name":"U(1) gauge theory","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractons","display_name":"fractons","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservation-laws","display_name":"conservation laws","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gapless-spin-liquid","display_name":"gapless spin liquid","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-structure","display_name":"particle structure","score":0.7059999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5626299381256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5159781575202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.49142634868621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4821569323539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.46744784712791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.36304354667663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15955626964569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.14285221695899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.13531440496444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/110295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Physical Society","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/110295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Physical Society","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2337929825","https://openalex.org/W4283724521","https://openalex.org/W2886207598","https://openalex.org/W7169764602","https://openalex.org/W7170066975","https://openalex.org/W2787918477","https://openalex.org/W2749614592","https://openalex.org/W4402559107","https://openalex.org/W2980491973","https://openalex.org/W4406783192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spin":[0],"liquids":[1,21,38],"are":[2,117],"conventionally":[3],"described":[4,39],"by":[5,40,80],"gauge":[6,11,28,44,65,86],"theories":[7,66,87],"with":[8,22,74],"a":[9,16],"vector":[10],"field.":[12],"However,":[13],"there":[14],"exists":[15],"wider":[17],"class":[18],"of":[19,62,98,111],"spin":[20,37,55],"higher":[23],"rank":[24,99],"tensors":[25],"as":[26],"the":[27,59,75,93,109],"variable.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"work,":[32],"we":[33],"focus":[34],"on":[35,108],"(3+1)-dimensional":[36],"U(1)":[41],"symmetric":[42],"tensor":[43,64],"theories,":[45],"which":[46],"have":[47,71,88,124],"recently":[48,78],"been":[49],"shown":[50],"to":[51,127],"be":[52],"stable":[53],"gapless":[54],"liquids.":[56],"We":[57],"investigate":[58],"particle":[60],"structure":[61],"these":[63],"and":[67,83],"find":[68],"that":[69],"they":[70],"deep":[72],"connections":[73],"\u201cfracton\u201d":[76],"models":[77,116,123],"discovered":[79],"Vijay,":[81],"Haah,":[82],"Fu.":[84],"Tensor":[85],"more":[89],"conservation":[90,96,103],"laws":[91,104],"than":[92],"simple":[94],"charge":[95],"law":[97],"1":[100],"theories.":[101],"These":[102],"place":[105],"severe":[106],"restrictions":[107],"motion":[110,128],"particles.":[112],"Particles":[113],"in":[114],"some":[115],"fully":[118],"immobile":[119],"(fractons),":[120],"while":[121],"other":[122],"particles":[125],"restricted":[126],"along":[129],"lower-dimensional":[130],"subspaces.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-21T07:43:02.447757","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}