{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3009605597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","title":"A Systematic Literature Review on Privacy by Design in the Healthcare Sector","display_name":"A Systematic Literature Review on Privacy by Design in the Healthcare Sector","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3009605597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","mag":"3009605597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics9030452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/3/452/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/3/452/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084206529","display_name":"Farida Habib Semantha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-1707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-1707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farida Habib Semantha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-1707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062716310","display_name":"Sami Azam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-9750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-9750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Azam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-9750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080142991","display_name":"Kheng Cher Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-3248","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-3248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kheng Cher Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004069000","display_name":"Bharanidharan Shanmugam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-1949","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-1949"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bharanidharan Shanmugam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-1949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0810, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004069000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1584},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1584},"fwci":1.2354,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79294274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"452","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.7124000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.7124000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14029","display_name":"Thoreau and American Literature","score":0.20800000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.04399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"privacy by design","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-data-privacy","display_name":"healthcare data privacy","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-framework","display_name":"privacy framework","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-data-protection","display_name":"personal data protection","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-breaches","display_name":"data breaches","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-data-security","display_name":"health data security","score":0.3610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.713688850402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.5890761017799377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.5753056406974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.535234808921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5196722745895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.5114420652389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5080816745758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5061220526695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.48043227195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4768456220626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4541047513484955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.44276827573776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4251546263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3104808032512665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1526518166065216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1488063633441925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.10748201608657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1021752655506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09976604580879211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics9030452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/3/452/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a633501dfd554f6fa4db8c74a3058629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a633501dfd554f6fa4db8c74a3058629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronics, Vol 9, Iss 3, p 452 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics9030452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030452","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/3/452/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202905","display_name":"Electronics","issn_l":"2079-9292","issn":["2079-9292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3009605597.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3009605597.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21165079","https://openalex.org/W52732106","https://openalex.org/W334133820","https://openalex.org/W1493360506","https://openalex.org/W1522623061","https://openalex.org/W1528664920","https://openalex.org/W1553068910","https://openalex.org/W1574195238","https://openalex.org/W1576308807","https://openalex.org/W1598781476","https://openalex.org/W1836094664","https://openalex.org/W1967561194","https://openalex.org/W1976792853","https://openalex.org/W1981331664","https://openalex.org/W2003544295","https://openalex.org/W2003977229","https://openalex.org/W2009497894","https://openalex.org/W2016677561","https://openalex.org/W2023344387","https://openalex.org/W2038725084","https://openalex.org/W2039429972","https://openalex.org/W2052534480","https://openalex.org/W2061852866","https://openalex.org/W2069024920","https://openalex.org/W2095737137","https://openalex.org/W2106844888","https://openalex.org/W2116560806","https://openalex.org/W2119245106","https://openalex.org/W2126644064","https://openalex.org/W2128232860","https://openalex.org/W2137285932","https://openalex.org/W2137955145","https://openalex.org/W2139061144","https://openalex.org/W2139316891","https://openalex.org/W2155404021","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2159269282","https://openalex.org/W2160089413","https://openalex.org/W2163359022","https://openalex.org/W2165529641","https://openalex.org/W2168240305","https://openalex.org/W2170853582","https://openalex.org/W2182319922","https://openalex.org/W2257772496","https://openalex.org/W2293598903","https://openalex.org/W2397556658","https://openalex.org/W2404280374","https://openalex.org/W2415367524","https://openalex.org/W2464628418","https://openalex.org/W2491628857","https://openalex.org/W2518871715","https://openalex.org/W2524624957","https://openalex.org/W2572323981","https://openalex.org/W2604516070","https://openalex.org/W2609887891","https://openalex.org/W2616527543","https://openalex.org/W2719120829","https://openalex.org/W2767519908","https://openalex.org/W2792528395","https://openalex.org/W2907323838","https://openalex.org/W2914418376","https://openalex.org/W2956571997","https://openalex.org/W2971727583","https://openalex.org/W2976324988","https://openalex.org/W2988348666","https://openalex.org/W2991305957","https://openalex.org/W2995819333","https://openalex.org/W3003671795","https://openalex.org/W4205456886","https://openalex.org/W4247778150","https://openalex.org/W4250755972","https://openalex.org/W4255848759","https://openalex.org/W6631396753","https://openalex.org/W6683616068","https://openalex.org/W6684057543","https://openalex.org/W6745738132","https://openalex.org/W6827864626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409504451","https://openalex.org/W4205847046","https://openalex.org/W7172094573","https://openalex.org/W2137955145","https://openalex.org/W4213439872","https://openalex.org/W4384833383","https://openalex.org/W4365513874","https://openalex.org/W3110102192","https://openalex.org/W2078784856","https://openalex.org/W4412868123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,157],"digital":[2,80],"age,":[3],"we":[4],"are":[5,17,50,62,74,93],"observing":[6],"an":[7],"exponential":[8],"proliferation":[9],"of":[10,29,37,48,66,69,90,106,113,181],"sophisticated":[11],"hardware-":[12],"and":[13,33,59],"software-based":[14],"solutions":[15],"that":[16,73,159],"able":[18],"to":[19,54,109,134,142,176],"interact":[20],"with":[21],"the":[22,44,67,85,87,107,111,126,136,144,171,187],"users":[23,61],"at":[24,170],"almost":[25,63],"every":[26],"sensitive":[27],"aspect":[28],"our":[30],"lives,":[31],"collecting":[32],"analysing":[34],"a":[35,95,163,178],"range":[36],"data":[38,72,114,184],"about":[39],"us.":[40],"These":[41],"data,":[42],"or":[43],"derived":[45],"information":[46,189],"out":[47],"it,":[49],"often":[51],"too":[52],"personal":[53,188],"fall":[55],"into":[56],"unwanted":[57],"hands,":[58],"thus":[60],"always":[64],"wary":[65],"privacy":[68,138,149],"such":[70,91],"private":[71],"being":[75,122],"continuously":[76],"collected":[77],"through":[78],"these":[79,129],"mediums.":[81],"To":[82],"further":[83],"complicate":[84],"issue,":[86],"infringement":[88],"cases":[89],"databanks":[92],"on":[94,124,162],"sharp":[96],"rise.":[97],"Several":[98],"frameworks":[99,141,152],"have":[100],"been":[101],"devised":[102],"in":[103,116,156,186],"various":[104],"parts":[105],"globe":[108],"safeguard":[110],"issue":[112],"privacy;":[115],"parallel,":[117],"constant":[118],"research":[119,158],"is":[120,174],"also":[121],"conducted":[123],"closing":[125],"loopholes":[127],"within":[128],"frameworks.":[130],"This":[131],"study":[132],"aimed":[133],"analyse":[135],"contemporary":[137,148],"by":[139,150],"design":[140,151],"identify":[143],"key":[145],"limitations.":[146],"Seven":[147],"were":[153],"examined":[154],"in-depth":[155],"was":[160],"based":[161],"systematic":[164],"literature":[165],"review.":[166],"The":[167],"result,":[168],"targeted":[169],"healthcare":[172],"sector,":[173],"expected":[175],"produce":[177],"high":[179],"degree":[180],"fortification":[182],"against":[183],"breaches":[185],"domain.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-03-13T00:00:00"}
