{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007591973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","title":"Labor Exploitation of Migrant Farmworkers: Risks for Human Trafficking","display_name":"Labor Exploitation of Migrant Farmworkers: Risks for Human Trafficking","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007591973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","mag":"3007591973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226373","display_name":"Journal of Human Trafficking","issn_l":"2332-2705","issn":["2332-2705","2332-2713"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Human Trafficking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074408676","display_name":"Jeremy Norwood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164141967","display_name":"Spring Arbor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j8e5x02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164141967"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy S. Norwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, Global Studies, and Criminal Justice, Spring Arbor University, Spring Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, Global Studies, and Criminal Justice, Spring Arbor University, Spring Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164141967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074408676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164141967"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3347,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86511378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"209","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.8960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.8960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.03669999912381172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13773","display_name":"International Labor and Employment Law","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-exploitation","display_name":"labor exploitation","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrant-farmworkers","display_name":"migrant farmworkers","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-trafficking","display_name":"human trafficking","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-labor","display_name":"agricultural labor","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-against-migrant-workers","display_name":"violence against migrant workers","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-contracts","display_name":"employment contracts","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-conditions","display_name":"working conditions","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employer-control","display_name":"employer control","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recruiters","display_name":"recruiters","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palermo-protocol","display_name":"Palermo Protocol","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-michigan","display_name":"Western Michigan","score":0.753000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181784","display_name":"Human trafficking","level":2,"score":0.6825919151306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4642212390899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019876095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15320003","display_name":"Migrant workers","level":2,"score":0.4630923569202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.373851478099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3275824189186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2453519105911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.24048185348510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2081044316291809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.19632792472839355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226373","display_name":"Journal of Human Trafficking","issn_l":"2332-2705","issn":["2332-2705","2332-2713"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Human Trafficking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6207000017166138},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W167079784","https://openalex.org/W406667569","https://openalex.org/W583971044","https://openalex.org/W591528466","https://openalex.org/W613210868","https://openalex.org/W614244906","https://openalex.org/W1166998400","https://openalex.org/W1485373355","https://openalex.org/W1490568316","https://openalex.org/W1549786592","https://openalex.org/W1561389678","https://openalex.org/W1577943696","https://openalex.org/W1608655283","https://openalex.org/W1973329019","https://openalex.org/W2010894236","https://openalex.org/W2066948600","https://openalex.org/W2066965833","https://openalex.org/W2080740952","https://openalex.org/W2083291021","https://openalex.org/W2141982630","https://openalex.org/W2148695494","https://openalex.org/W2254483885","https://openalex.org/W2369530611","https://openalex.org/W2753356892","https://openalex.org/W2994089503","https://openalex.org/W3012560112","https://openalex.org/W3083225435","https://openalex.org/W4245771088","https://openalex.org/W4245813439","https://openalex.org/W4245821091","https://openalex.org/W4248420679","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4378604199","https://openalex.org/W4386635528","https://openalex.org/W4399951036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3166463968","https://openalex.org/W4411997340","https://openalex.org/W2896340660","https://openalex.org/W2108311135","https://openalex.org/W3024276012","https://openalex.org/W4413959336","https://openalex.org/W4415780952","https://openalex.org/W2907447361","https://openalex.org/W2944383034","https://openalex.org/W4400290115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,81],"exploratory":[1],"study":[2,82],"analyzed":[3],"indicators":[4,101,221],"of":[5,42,79,102,107,111,119,136,151,167,174,209,218,222],"labor":[6,103,223,248],"exploitation":[7,224],"among":[8],"migrant":[9,32,36,59,63],"farmworkers":[10,33,37,64],"in":[11,45,67,76,176,230,244],"Western":[12],"Michigan":[13],"and":[14,34,113,116,142,148,158,183,190,213,215],"the":[15,52,95,105,109,117,123,131,134,138,146,149,152,156,165,172,178,184,195,201,207,216,231,234,238],"ensuing":[16],"risks":[17,87],"for":[18,88],"human":[19,89],"trafficking.":[20],"The":[21,47,61],"research":[22,232,243],"was":[23],"based":[24],"on":[25,205],"interviews":[26],"with":[27,31,35],"professionals":[28,50],"who":[29],"work":[30],"conducted":[38],"over":[39,197],"a":[40,227],"period":[41],"several":[43],"months":[44],"2014.":[46],"data":[48],"from":[49],"reflected":[51],"localities":[53],"where":[54,86,247],"they":[55],"provided":[56],"assistance":[57],"to":[58,125,133,140,145,186],"farmworkers.":[60],"interviewed":[62],"were":[65,91,192],"located":[66],"Oceana":[68],"County,":[69],"but":[70],"many":[71],"shared":[72],"information":[73],"about":[74],"experiences":[75],"other":[77],"parts":[78],"Michigan.":[80],"identified":[83],"four":[84,163],"dimensions":[85],"trafficking":[90,249],"most":[92],"prominent.":[93],"Firstly,":[94],"migratory":[96],"process":[97],"yielded":[98,200],"three":[99,128],"different":[100],"exploitation:":[104],"presence":[106,166],"violence,":[108],"lack":[110,118],"economic":[112],"social":[114],"networks,":[115],"secure":[120],"employment.":[121],"Secondly,":[122],"road":[124],"employment":[126],"included":[127],"additional":[129],"indicators:":[130,164,203],"path":[132],"place":[135],"employment,":[137,177],"access":[139],"familiar":[141],"reliable":[143],"transportation":[144],"workplace,":[147],"nature":[150],"contractual":[153],"arrangement.":[154],"Thirdly,":[155],"living":[157],"working":[159,181],"conditions":[160],"uncovered":[161],"another":[162],"force,":[168],"fraud,":[169],"or":[170],"coercion,":[171],"existence":[173],"\u201cgaps\u201d":[175],"pay,":[179],"hours,":[180],"conditions,":[182],"extent":[185],"which":[187],"breaks,":[188],"bonuses,":[189],"housing":[191],"available.":[193],"Finally,":[194],"control":[196],"their":[198],"circumstances":[199],"following":[202],"restrictions":[204],"mobility,":[206],"role":[208],"employers,":[210],"crew":[211],"leaders,":[212],"recruiters,":[214],"reluctance":[217],"reporting.":[219],"These":[220],"helped":[225],"address":[226],"critical":[228],"shortcoming":[229],"since":[233],"United":[235],"Nations":[236],"passed":[237],"Palermo":[239],"Protocol,":[240],"particularly":[241],"empirical":[242],"local":[245],"communities":[246],"may":[250],"be":[251],"present.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2020-03-06T00:00:00"}
