{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007572081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","title":"Paper Versus Digital Data Collection Methods for Road Safety Observations: Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Cost, Timeliness, Reliability, and Results","display_name":"Paper Versus Digital Data Collection Methods for Road Safety Observations: Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Cost, Timeliness, Reliability, and Results","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007572081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","mag":"3007572081","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32348273","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7275261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/17129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030221140","display_name":"Niloufer Taber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-8418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-8418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Niloufer Taber","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-8418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053828311","display_name":"Amber Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-1282","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-1282"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amber Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-1282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069734349","display_name":"Perumal Vedagiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2717-2980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2717-2980","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-1880"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perumal Vedagiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Transportation Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-1880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Transportation Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065973807","display_name":"Shivam Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-0459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-0459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivam Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-0459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059406868","display_name":"Rachel Pinto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-7715","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-7715"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Pinto","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-7715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075452750","display_name":"Abdulgafoor M. Bachani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4455-9044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4455-9044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulgafoor M Bachani","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4455-9044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030221140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":1.2439,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85503393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"e17129","last_page":"e17129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.6474999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.6474999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.33469998836517334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-safety","display_name":"road safety","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paper-based-data-collection","display_name":"paper-based data collection","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-data-collection","display_name":"digital data collection","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-traffic-injuries","display_name":"road traffic injuries","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helmet-use","display_name":"helmet use","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seat-belt-use","display_name":"seat belt use","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speeding","display_name":"speeding","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection-reliability","display_name":"data collection reliability","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-efficiency","display_name":"cost efficiency","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeliness","display_name":"timeliness","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-user-behavior","display_name":"road user behaviour","score":0.625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.8048953413963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6943142414093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6892102360725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.6526134014129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5429167747497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4994685649871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988402297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65558817","display_name":"Data reliability","level":2,"score":0.44895708560943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.4170722961425781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.41274744272232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3968607187271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2572193741798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1470319628715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11605212092399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.07787349820137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073256","descriptor_name":"Information Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004526","descriptor_name":"Efficiency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010209","descriptor_name":"Paper","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/17129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2196/preprints.17129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.17129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.17129","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7275261","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7275261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Med Internet Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:32348273","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32348273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical Internet research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c31ff51a7b324282838301c3ef1fd9b1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c31ff51a7b324282838301c3ef1fd9b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol 22, Iss 5, p e17129 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/17129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/17129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1890689091","https://openalex.org/W1979171465","https://openalex.org/W1982439233","https://openalex.org/W1984981093","https://openalex.org/W1998314139","https://openalex.org/W2008943426","https://openalex.org/W2011708099","https://openalex.org/W2033562702","https://openalex.org/W2034980539","https://openalex.org/W2045819496","https://openalex.org/W2046776943","https://openalex.org/W2052703053","https://openalex.org/W2091176597","https://openalex.org/W2118365772","https://openalex.org/W2132295896","https://openalex.org/W2139155614","https://openalex.org/W2153086948","https://openalex.org/W2162548269","https://openalex.org/W2165704335","https://openalex.org/W2177622858","https://openalex.org/W2333208801","https://openalex.org/W2579712126","https://openalex.org/W2593010883","https://openalex.org/W2600340822","https://openalex.org/W2768177598","https://openalex.org/W2770871696","https://openalex.org/W2794210098","https://openalex.org/W2936998318","https://openalex.org/W4214509531","https://openalex.org/W4237036331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936998318","https://openalex.org/W2902068467","https://openalex.org/W2775570105","https://openalex.org/W2966694820","https://openalex.org/W2893821081","https://openalex.org/W654591474","https://openalex.org/W2344465468","https://openalex.org/W4394742815","https://openalex.org/W7161140347","https://openalex.org/W2240809000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Roadside":[1],"observational":[2,105],"studies":[3],"play":[4],"a":[5,179,224,353],"fundamental":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,40,114,190,204,209,252,285,295,302,352,394],"designing":[9],"evidence-informed":[10],"strategies":[11],"to":[12,51,80,91,158,170,177,249,291,320,414],"address":[13],"the":[14,28,53,82,125,139,144,175,187,217,263,273,281,305,308,328,395,407,423,440],"pressing":[15],"global":[16],"health":[17],"problem":[18],"of":[19,43,58,87,103,120,163,226,272,307,397,410],"road":[20,68],"traffic":[21],"injuries.":[22],"Paper-based":[23],"data":[24,45,62,121,195,238,316,344,385,416],"collection":[25,63,239,386,417],"has":[26],"been":[27],"standard":[29],"method":[30,89,157],"for":[31,110,193,212,266,342],"such":[32],"studies,":[33],"although":[34],"digital":[35,61,127,207,235,329,343,380,384,443],"methods":[36,208,222],"are":[37],"gaining":[38],"popularity":[39],"all":[41],"types":[42],"primary":[44],"collection.":[46,122],"OBJECTIVE:":[47],"This":[48],"study":[49,362],"aims":[50,79],"understand":[52,81,159],"reliability,":[54,96,373],"productivity,":[55,97],"and":[56,75,84,90,98,128,135,137,143,174,198,236,259,374,381,405,432,435,444],"efficiency":[57,86],"paper":[59,129,205,237,325],"vs":[60],"based":[64],"on":[65,391],"three":[66],"different":[67],"user":[69],"behaviors:":[70],"helmet":[71],"use,":[72,74],"seatbelt":[73],"speeding.":[76],"It":[77],"also":[78,151,183,277],"cost":[83,370,431],"time":[85,169,176,368],"each":[88,111,210,213,267],"evaluate":[92],"potential":[93],"trade-offs":[94,366,401],"among":[95,312,367,402],"efficiency.":[99],"METHODS:":[100],"A":[101],"total":[102,188],"150":[104],"sessions":[106],"were":[107,182,186,276,288,318,340,348],"conducted":[108,152],"simultaneously":[109],"risk":[112,214,253,268],"factor":[113,254],"Mumbai,":[115],"India,":[116],"across":[117,220,242],"two":[118,264,282],"rounds":[119,265],"We":[123,150],"matched":[124],"simultaneous":[126],"observation":[130,173,323],"periods":[131],"by":[132,141,156],"date,":[133],"time,":[134],"location,":[136],"compared":[138],"reliability":[140],"subgroups":[142],"productivity":[145,240],"using":[146,324],"Pearson":[147],"correlations":[148,245],"(r).":[149],"logistic":[153,274],"regressions":[154,275],"separately":[155],"how":[160],"similar":[161,311],"results":[162,271,287],"inferential":[164],"analyses":[165],"would":[166],"be.":[167],"The":[168,232,270],"complete":[171,180,321],"an":[172,322],"obtain":[178],"dataset":[181,330],"compared,":[184],"as":[185,383],"costs":[189,339,347],"US":[191],"dollars":[192],"fieldwork,":[194],"entry,":[196],"management,":[197],"cleaning.":[199],"RESULTS:":[200],"Productivity":[201],"was":[202,256,310,331],"higher":[203,341],"than":[206],"round":[211],"factor.":[215,269],"However,":[216],"sample":[218,293,427],"sizes":[219,294],"both":[221],"provided":[223],"precision":[225],"0.7":[227],"percentage":[228],"points":[229],"or":[230,299,389],"smaller.":[231],"gap":[233],"between":[234,257,262,280,379,442],"narrowed":[241],"rounds,":[243],"with":[244],"improving":[246,261],"from":[247],"r=0.27-0.49":[248],"0.89-0.96.":[250],"Reliability":[251],"proportions":[255],"0.61":[258],"0.99,":[260],"largely":[278,289],"comparable":[279],"methods.":[283],"Differences":[284],"regression":[286],"attributable":[290],"small":[292],"some":[296],"variable":[297,313,346],"levels":[298],"random":[300],"error":[301],"variables":[303],"where":[304],"prevalence":[306],"outcome":[309],"levels.":[314],"Although":[315,337],"collectors":[317],"able":[319],"more":[326],"quickly,":[327],"available":[332],"approximately":[333],"9":[334],"days":[335],"sooner.":[336],"fixed":[338],"collection,":[345],"much":[349],"lower,":[350],"resulting":[351],"7.73%":[354],"(US":[355],"$3011/38,947)":[356],"lower":[357],"overall":[358],"cost.":[359],"CONCLUSIONS:":[360],"Our":[361],"did":[363],"not":[364],"face":[365],"efficiency,":[369,371],"statistical":[372],"descriptive":[375],"comparability":[376],"when":[377,438],"deciding":[378],"paper,":[382],"proved":[387],"equivalent":[388],"superior":[390],"these":[392],"domains":[393],"context":[396],"our":[398],"project.":[399],"As":[400],"cost,":[403],"timeliness,":[404],"comparability-and":[406],"relative":[408],"importance":[409],"each-could":[411],"be":[412],"unique":[413],"every":[415],"project,":[418],"researchers":[419],"should":[420],"carefully":[421],"consider":[422],"questionnaire":[424],"complexity,":[425],"target":[426],"size,":[428],"implementation":[429],"plan,":[430],"logistical":[433],"constraints,":[434],"geographical":[436],"contexts":[437],"making":[439],"decision":[441],"paper.":[445]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-03-06T00:00:00"}