{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006359751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","title":"A Bot and a Smile: Interpersonal Impressions of Chatbots and Humans Using Emoji in Computer-mediated Communication","display_name":"A Bot and a Smile: Interpersonal Impressions of Chatbots and Humans Using Emoji in Computer-mediated Communication","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006359751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","mag":"3006359751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190227","display_name":"Communication Studies","issn_l":"1051-0974","issn":["1051-0974","1745-1035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communication Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065370662","display_name":"Austin J. Beattie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Austin Beattie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068371318","display_name":"Autumn P. Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-197X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-197X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649380","display_name":"Western Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j198w64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Autumn P. Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-197X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058176293","display_name":"Chad C. Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-6349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-6349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649380","display_name":"Western Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j198w64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-6349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065370662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.3283,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":204,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99928344,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"409","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.7979000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.7979000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.10970000177621841,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.0843999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbots","display_name":"chatbots","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emojis","display_name":"emojis","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-machine-communication","display_name":"human-machine communication","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-mediated-communication","display_name":"computer-mediated communication","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-attractiveness","display_name":"interpersonal attractiveness","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-credibility","display_name":"source credibility","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"nonverbal communication","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-affordances","display_name":"technology affordances","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779247141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049294","display_name":"Emoji","level":3,"score":0.9845510721206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.7407413721084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.6571754217147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5899602174758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.5343723893165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.5093294382095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.49838852882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.47888702154159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.47683897614479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30539005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066689","display_name":"Human communication","level":2,"score":0.46741437911987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.45331478118896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.4310508370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.41721630096435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3811192512512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3673527240753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3463659882545471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3461984395980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2603856027126312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.22016212344169617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.1821424961090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16907057166099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190227","display_name":"Communication Studies","issn_l":"1051-0974","issn":["1051-0974","1745-1035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communication Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23502433","https://openalex.org/W60800585","https://openalex.org/W1560759840","https://openalex.org/W1595891490","https://openalex.org/W1678916964","https://openalex.org/W1686483645","https://openalex.org/W1703134475","https://openalex.org/W1841352775","https://openalex.org/W1939193533","https://openalex.org/W1967983624","https://openalex.org/W1975336049","https://openalex.org/W1978040282","https://openalex.org/W1978257525","https://openalex.org/W1978699554","https://openalex.org/W1980184839","https://openalex.org/W1981119030","https://openalex.org/W1986936900","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W1992262987","https://openalex.org/W1993346673","https://openalex.org/W1996837133","https://openalex.org/W1998757724","https://openalex.org/W2004930773","https://openalex.org/W2006620598","https://openalex.org/W2008542123","https://openalex.org/W2012461879","https://openalex.org/W2012737242","https://openalex.org/W2016236925","https://openalex.org/W2022768097","https://openalex.org/W2027268998","https://openalex.org/W2027768622","https://openalex.org/W2027968480","https://openalex.org/W2030648697","https://openalex.org/W2040516461","https://openalex.org/W2048396937","https://openalex.org/W2059945700","https://openalex.org/W2062212388","https://openalex.org/W2069044836","https://openalex.org/W2078622351","https://openalex.org/W2090666233","https://openalex.org/W2092613485","https://openalex.org/W2096358051","https://openalex.org/W2105721416","https://openalex.org/W2108752510","https://openalex.org/W2109712306","https://openalex.org/W2115089017","https://openalex.org/W2119159644","https://openalex.org/W2134179500","https://openalex.org/W2137409775","https://openalex.org/W2139786076","https://openalex.org/W2152497415","https://openalex.org/W2155930932","https://openalex.org/W2159569750","https://openalex.org/W2161755727","https://openalex.org/W2166370886","https://openalex.org/W2178182850","https://openalex.org/W2181313294","https://openalex.org/W2252981981","https://openalex.org/W2476165907","https://openalex.org/W2539576119","https://openalex.org/W2578167506","https://openalex.org/W2582345297","https://openalex.org/W2588099282","https://openalex.org/W2592877795","https://openalex.org/W2607637275","https://openalex.org/W2610728795","https://openalex.org/W2611472057","https://openalex.org/W2623779865","https://openalex.org/W2793455419","https://openalex.org/W2793633848","https://openalex.org/W2806569034","https://openalex.org/W2806732616","https://openalex.org/W2888290426","https://openalex.org/W2889004937","https://openalex.org/W2889376307","https://openalex.org/W2889579642","https://openalex.org/W4238492957","https://openalex.org/W4297361601","https://openalex.org/W4298185589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7134037200","https://openalex.org/W7007965270","https://openalex.org/W4388799082","https://openalex.org/W7115570214","https://openalex.org/W7000871541","https://openalex.org/W4412185745","https://openalex.org/W4402982374","https://openalex.org/W4415050469","https://openalex.org/W6976819760","https://openalex.org/W4410459352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificially":[0],"intelligent":[1],"(AI)":[2],"agents":[3],"increasingly":[4],"occupy":[5],"roles":[6],"once":[7],"served":[8],"by":[9],"humans":[10,110],"in":[11,33],"computer-mediated":[12],"communication":[13,48],"(CMC).":[14],"Technological":[15],"affordances":[16],"like":[17],"emoji":[18,57,69],"give":[19],"interactants":[20],"(humans":[21],"or":[22],"bots)":[23],"the":[24,29,37,66,134,138],"ability":[25],"to":[26,104,124,133],"partially":[27],"overcome":[28],"limited":[30],"nonverbal":[31],"information":[32],"CMC.":[34],"However,":[35],"despite":[36],"growth":[38],"of":[39,56,60,74,86],"chatbots":[40],"as":[41],"conversational":[42],"partners,":[43],"few":[44],"CMC":[45,77,118],"and":[46,71,79,82,108,111,120,137],"human-machine":[47],"(HMC)":[49],"studies":[50],"have":[51],"explored":[52],"how":[53],"bots\u2019":[54],"use":[55,70],"impact":[58],"perceptions":[59],"communicator":[61],"quality.":[62],"This":[63],"study":[64],"examined":[65],"relationship":[67],"between":[68],"observers\u2019":[72],"impressions":[73,84],"interpersonal":[75],"attractiveness,":[76],"competence,":[78],"source":[80],"credibility;":[81],"whether":[83],"formed":[85],"human":[87,105],"versus":[88],"chatbot":[89,100],"message":[90,101,106,126],"sources":[91,102],"were":[92],"different.":[93],"Results":[94,128],"demonstrated":[95],"that":[96],"participants":[97],"rated":[98],"emoji-using":[99],"similarly":[103],"sources,":[107],"both":[109],"bots":[112],"are":[113,129],"significantly":[114],"more":[115],"socially":[116],"attractive,":[117],"competent,":[119],"credible":[121],"when":[122],"compared":[123],"verbal-only":[125],"senders.":[127],"discussed":[130],"with":[131],"respect":[132],"CASA":[135],"paradigm":[136],"human-to-human":[139],"interaction":[140],"script":[141],"framework.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00"}
