{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005221637","doi":null,"title":"Long-term trends of ambient gaseous concentrations at South African DEBITS sites and wet deposition at Cape Point","display_name":"Long-term trends of ambient gaseous concentrations at South African DEBITS sites and wet deposition at Cape Point","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005221637","mag":"3005221637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/33153","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063192629","display_name":"Jan-Stefan Swartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9111","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9111"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan-Stefan Swartz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9111","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063192629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-trends","display_name":"long-term trends","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wet-deposition","display_name":"wet deposition","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-deposition","display_name":"atmospheric deposition","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cape-point","display_name":"Cape Point","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-monitoring","display_name":"air quality monitoring","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777628658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034198","display_name":"Cape","level":2,"score":0.8578134179115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.6138074994087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5925703644752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5219813585281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.42348527908325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.33788639307022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19390618801116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16230547428131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.13302117586135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.11493855714797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/33153","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/33153","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:3005221637","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/33153","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.53329998254776}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189486789","https://openalex.org/W1505481183","https://openalex.org/W1583607206","https://openalex.org/W1938374434","https://openalex.org/W1946532015","https://openalex.org/W1968198616","https://openalex.org/W1977916513","https://openalex.org/W1977934495","https://openalex.org/W1981977817","https://openalex.org/W1993152985","https://openalex.org/W2003366520","https://openalex.org/W2009803299","https://openalex.org/W2011289533","https://openalex.org/W2015009672","https://openalex.org/W2015828335","https://openalex.org/W2018202192","https://openalex.org/W2020729558","https://openalex.org/W2021507478","https://openalex.org/W2025415734","https://openalex.org/W2026786962","https://openalex.org/W2032908922","https://openalex.org/W2041678872","https://openalex.org/W2042926689","https://openalex.org/W2047080122","https://openalex.org/W2053677462","https://openalex.org/W2054400390","https://openalex.org/W2060604658","https://openalex.org/W2063367078","https://openalex.org/W2064001059","https://openalex.org/W2066953810","https://openalex.org/W2067306379","https://openalex.org/W2068193158","https://openalex.org/W2084337353","https://openalex.org/W2085849605","https://openalex.org/W2095743793","https://openalex.org/W2095990572","https://openalex.org/W2098919631","https://openalex.org/W2100410022","https://openalex.org/W2100466469","https://openalex.org/W2103116057","https://openalex.org/W2105463749","https://openalex.org/W2107842672","https://openalex.org/W2107963489","https://openalex.org/W2113562082","https://openalex.org/W2116062635","https://openalex.org/W2116231738","https://openalex.org/W2117654029","https://openalex.org/W2119903004","https://openalex.org/W2121381129","https://openalex.org/W2122197376","https://openalex.org/W2123152608","https://openalex.org/W2136380377","https://openalex.org/W2137932118","https://openalex.org/W2138124994","https://openalex.org/W2138245034","https://openalex.org/W2140326506","https://openalex.org/W2168658532","https://openalex.org/W2171986241","https://openalex.org/W2179501372","https://openalex.org/W2320433027","https://openalex.org/W2473569877","https://openalex.org/W2497337152","https://openalex.org/W2566127967","https://openalex.org/W2573107099","https://openalex.org/W2650367466","https://openalex.org/W2750760687","https://openalex.org/W2779413979","https://openalex.org/W2782713952","https://openalex.org/W2789471689","https://openalex.org/W2887279469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W8923557","https://openalex.org/W2339657177","https://openalex.org/W1643784937","https://openalex.org/W2607052461","https://openalex.org/W2941113530","https://openalex.org/W3042374449","https://openalex.org/W3032426863","https://openalex.org/W2564252043","https://openalex.org/W39225745","https://openalex.org/W3217577887"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"South":[1,107,124,165,353,834,975,1020,1060,1106],"Africa":[2,354],"is":[3,14,128],"considered":[4,15,204,371],"an":[5,275,334,900,913],"important":[6,724,800,807],"source":[7,307,443,690,756,1128],"region":[8,13,757],"for":[9,82,87,217,236,262,328,359,893,932,939],"atmospheric":[10,22,31],"pollutants,":[11],"this":[12,145,200,206],"to":[16,21,70,148,181,196,225,242,246,251,300,386,396,419,455,480,493,500,651,659,682,698,760,775,811,852,871,1001,1039,1053,1125],"be":[17,417,453,680,1123],"understudied":[18],"with":[19,57,160,526,599,637,701,779,840,1042,1079,1082],"regard":[20],"composition,":[23],"especially":[24],"in":[25,53,55,79,84,102,170,205,298,306,333,348,372,439,484,531,551,559,572,593,684,689,730,829,902,916,973,1018,1057,1070,1104],"terms":[26],"of":[27,30,36,43,64,76,97,106,144,153,211,271,277,292,304,336,352,363,379,424,579,645,809,819,822,833,849,857,882,924,981,993,1005,1026,1034,1046,1096,1115],"long-term":[28,72,90,151,183,279,337],"assessments":[29,210],"pollutant":[32],"concentrations.":[33,322],"The":[34,141,268,400,488,519,806,1023],"Deposition":[35],"Biogeochemically":[37],"Important":[38],"Trace":[39],"Species":[40],"(DEBITS)":[41],"task":[42],"the":[44,58,65,80,85,103,118,132,150,164,171,174,272,278,283,302,324,345,349,361,373,376,392,470,485,494,577,617,627,660,707,712,722,731,740,745,755,782,798,820,830,846,855,880,908,922,963,974,990,1002,1016,1019,1032,1043,1047,1054,1058,1067,1105,1116,1126],"International":[45],"Global":[46,59,135],"Atmospheric":[47],"Chemistry":[48],"(IGAC)":[49],"programme":[50],"was":[51,147,202,234,331,369,398,498,524,588,721,797,817,888,967,1028,1066,1076,1110],"initiated":[52],"1990":[54],"collaboration":[56],"Atmosphere":[60,136],"Watch":[61,137],"(GAW)":[62],"network":[63],"World":[66],"Meteorological":[67],"Organisation":[68],"(WMO)":[69],"investigate":[71],"concentrations":[73,158,407,449,476,507,553,595,612,632,816,838,906,957,992,1004,1013],"and":[74,117,156,173,220,229,248,255,265,314,320,340,357,366,403,442,447,505,521,535,565,582,601,610,630,670,676,694,765,768,802,814,826,860,884,895,904,941,955,995,1087,1101],"deposition":[75,185],"biogeochemical":[77],"species":[78,426,647],"atmosphere":[81],"regions":[83],"tropics":[86],"which":[88,360,415,436,497,532,575,678],"limited":[89],"datasets":[91,259],"exist.":[92],"Four":[93],"DEBITS":[94,167,640],"sites,":[95,792,878],"representative":[96],"semi-arid":[98],"savannah,":[99],"are":[100,432],"located":[101,169,347,729],"north-eastern":[104,350,831,1059],"interior":[105,351,832],"Africa,":[108],"i.e.":[109,131],"Amersfoort":[110,748],"(AF),":[111],"Louis":[112,716],"Trichardt":[113,717],"(LT),":[114],"Skukuza":[115,727],"(SK)":[116],"Vaal":[119],"Triangle":[120],"(VT),":[121],"while":[122,208,239,511,735,793,879,912,945,962],"one":[123],"African":[125,166,639,653,976,1021,1061,1107],"coastal":[126],"site":[127,201],"also":[129,370,478,589,758,889,1111],"included,":[130],"Cape":[133,471,1048],"Point":[134],"(CPT":[138],"GAW)":[139],"station.":[140],"general":[142],"aim":[143],"study":[146,273],"assess":[149,301],"trends":[152,281,667,929],"SO2,":[154,227,253,318,338,401,608,628],"NO2":[155,228,254,319,339,402,448,475,495,506,573,609,629,777,787,815,850,896,905,917,942,956],"O3":[157,230,256,321,341,404,489,512,594,611,631,873,946,965],"measured":[159,633],"passive":[161,231,257],"samplers":[162],"at":[163,186,198,282,344,388,409,427,621,634,673,711,726,744,763,789,875,897,919,934,943,950,960,969,985,1015,1073,1090,1119],"sites":[168,346,641,972,1017,1055],"interior,":[172,1062],"marine":[175,284,1080,1127],"background":[176,714],"site,":[177,287,715],"as":[178,180,288,290,309,311,458,460,539,541,843,845,936,938,1009,1011],"well":[179,289,310,459,540,844,937,1010],"evaluate":[182],"wet":[184,393,486],"CPT":[187,237,285,329,389,410,428,622,635,986,1074,1091,1120],"GAW.":[188,429,623],"Since":[189],"measurements":[190,343],"were":[191,214,260,477,544,554,596,648,930,958,997,1093],"only":[192],"conducted":[193],"from":[194,384],"2009":[195],"2014":[197],"VT,":[199],"not":[203,514],"study,":[207],"comprehensive":[209],"precipitation":[212],"chemistry":[213],"previously":[215],"reported":[216],"AF,":[218,263,674,961],"LT":[219,264,356,675],"SK.":[221],"\\nA":[222],"21-year":[223,618],"(1995":[224,245],"2015)":[226,247,252],"sampling":[232,258,619,910],"dataset":[233],"available":[235,261],"GAW,":[238],"19-":[240],"(1997":[241],"2015),":[243],"21-":[244],"16-year":[249],"(2000":[250],"SK,":[266,677,935],"respectively.":[267],"first":[269],"part":[270],"entailed":[274],"evaluation":[276],"temporal":[280,666],"GAW":[286,330,390,411,636,987,1075,1092,1121],"development":[291],"a":[293,527,569,868],"multiple":[294],"linear":[295],"regression":[296,529],"model":[297,326],"order":[299],"influence":[303,362,578,856,881,923,1045],"variances":[305,550,592,688],"contribution,":[308],"local,":[312,364],"regional":[313,365,534,564,600,693,713,769,803,885,964],"global":[315,367,560,695],"meteorology":[316],"on":[317],"Thereafter,":[323],"statistical":[325],"developed":[327],"employed":[332],"assessment":[335],"concentration":[342],"(AF,":[355],"SK)":[358],"factors":[368,421,431,567,770,887],"model.":[374],"Finally,":[375],"chemical":[377,979,1117],"composition":[378,980],"rain":[380,982],"water":[381],"samples":[382,983],"collected":[383,984],"2004":[385],"2012":[387],"during":[391,450,864],"season":[394,434],"(May":[395],"October)":[397],"determined.":[399],"monthly":[405],"mean":[406],"determined":[408],"showed":[412],"seasonal":[413,490,520,669],"variability,":[414,510],"can":[416,1122],"attributed":[418,454,479,499,1124],"various":[420],"influencing":[422],"levels":[423,644,762,851,874,918],"these":[425,646],"These":[430],"generally":[433,649],"specific,":[435],"include":[437],"changes":[438,558,683],"meteorological":[440,537,685,804,886],"conditions":[441,686],"contributions.":[444],"Higher":[445,474,836],"SO2":[446,504,552,699,761,813,837,894,903,933,940,954],"winter":[451],"could":[452,679],"pollution":[456,858],"build-up,":[457],"being":[461,706,781],"more":[462,772],"frequently":[463],"impacted":[464,662,747],"by":[465,557],"air":[466,1081],"masses":[467,752],"passing":[468,753],"over":[469,616,754,907],"Town":[472,1049],"metropole.":[473,1050],"increased":[481,584,823,861],"microbial":[482],"activity":[483],"season.":[487],"pattern":[491],"corresponded":[492],"seasonality,":[496],"their":[501],"related":[502],"chemistry.":[503],"displayed":[508],"inter-annual":[509,517,522,671],"did":[513],"indicate":[515],"significant":[516,570,709,784,869],"fluctuations.":[518],"variability":[523,672,700,788],"explored":[525],"multilinear":[528],"model,":[530],"global,":[533],"local":[536,566,602,801,883],"factors,":[538],"population":[542,580,736],"growth":[543,581,737],"included.":[545],"Modelling":[546],"results":[547],"indicated":[548,606,642,668,899,988,1112],"that":[549,591,607,643,989,1113],"predominantly":[555,597],"influenced":[556],"forcing":[561],"factors.":[562,603],"Global,":[563],"played":[568],"role":[571],"trends,":[574],"included":[576],"associated":[583,598,839,1041,1078],"anthropogenic":[585,824,1064,1084],"activities.":[586],"It":[587,1109],"established":[590],"Trend":[604,891],"analysis":[605],"remained":[613,947],"relatively":[614,948],"constant":[615,949],"period":[620],"A":[624],"comparison":[625],"between":[626],"other":[638,652,1006],"similar":[650],"inland":[654],"ecosystems,":[655],"but":[656],"lower":[657,841,1030,1098],"compared":[658,1000],"industrially":[661,746],"AF":[663,898],"site.":[664,750],"\\nLong-term":[665],"ascribed":[681],"and/or":[687],"contribution.":[691,1085],"Local,":[692],"parameters":[696],"contributed":[697,759],"total":[702],"solar":[703],"irradiation":[704],"(TSI)":[705],"most":[708,723,741,783,799],"factor":[710,725,785],"(LT).":[718],"Temperature":[719],"(T)":[720],"(SK),":[728],"Kruger":[732],"National":[733],"Park,":[734],"(P)":[738],"made":[739,771,867],"substantial":[742,773],"contribution":[743,808,870],"(AF)":[749],"Air":[751],"SK":[764,920],"LT.":[766],"Local":[767],"contributions":[774],"modelled":[776,812,872],"levels,":[778],"P":[780,810],"explaining":[786],"all":[790,876,951,970],"three":[791,877,952,971],"relative":[794],"humidity":[795],"(RH)":[796],"factor.":[805],"indicative":[818],"impact":[821],"activities":[825],"energy":[827],"demand":[828],"Africa.":[835],"temperatures,":[842],"negative":[847],"correlation":[848],"RH,":[853],"reflected":[854],"build-up":[859],"household":[862],"combustion":[863],"winter.":[865],"ENSO":[866],"evident.":[890],"lines":[892],"increase":[901],"19-year":[909],"period,":[911],"upwards":[914],"trend":[915],"signified":[921],"growing":[925],"rural":[926],"communities.":[927],"Marginal":[928],"observed":[931],"LT,":[944],"sites.":[953],"higher":[959,999],"problem":[966],"evident":[968],"interior.":[977,1022,1108],"\\nThe":[978],"VWM":[991,1003,1012],"Na+":[994],"Cl-":[996],"significantly":[998],"ionic":[1007],"species,":[1008],"thereof":[1014],"average":[1024],"pH":[1025,1033],"rainwater":[1027],"slightly":[1029],"than":[1031,1099],"unpolluted":[1035],"rainwater,":[1036,1071],"mainly":[1037],"due":[1038],"NO3-":[1040],"occasional":[1044],"In":[1051],"contrast":[1052],"situated":[1056],"where":[1063],"SO42-":[1065,1072],"major":[1068],"constituent":[1069],"entirely":[1077],"no":[1083],"Sulphur":[1086],"nitrogen":[1088,1102],"depositions":[1089,1103],"two":[1094],"orders":[1095],"magnitude":[1097],"sulphur":[1100],"94%":[1114],"content":[1118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2020-02-14T00:00:00"}