{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004284841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","title":"A mercenary army of the poor? Technological change and the demographic composition of the post-9/11 U.S. military","display_name":"A mercenary army of the poor? Technological change and the demographic composition of the post-9/11 U.S. military","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004284841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","mag":"3004284841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199078552","display_name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","issn_l":"0140-2390","issn":["0140-2390","1743-937X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2728702","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077573458","display_name":"Andrea Asoni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869633025","display_name":"Charles River Associates","ror":"https://ror.org/04enbdd69","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869633025"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Asoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles Rivers Associates, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles Rivers Associates, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869633025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041165953","display_name":"Andrea Gilli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Gilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO Defense College, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO Defense College, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067114891","display_name":"Mauro Gilli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1590-9068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1590-9068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauro Gilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011623130","display_name":"Tino Sanandaji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180242103","display_name":"Stockholm School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5jzh92","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180242103"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tino Sanandaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180242103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041165953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.5422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99578507,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"4","first_page":"568","last_page":"614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.6035000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.6035000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.30660000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel-composition","display_name":"military personnel composition","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-deprivation","display_name":"socioeconomic deprivation","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change-in-warfare","display_name":"technological change in warfare","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-recruitment","display_name":"military recruitment","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-wealth","display_name":"family wealth","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ability","display_name":"cognitive ability","score":0.9049999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.6457421183586121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5162532329559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47064","display_name":"Military personnel","level":2,"score":0.5106533169746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4844696521759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.4714779853820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46694886684417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3230479955673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24364733695983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2074495255947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199078552","display_name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","issn_l":"0140-2390","issn":["0140-2390","1743-937X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2728702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2728702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2728702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2728702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2728702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2728702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":110,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118032458","https://openalex.org/W199441832","https://openalex.org/W240832470","https://openalex.org/W253508243","https://openalex.org/W259679599","https://openalex.org/W326024558","https://openalex.org/W343590874","https://openalex.org/W615077992","https://openalex.org/W620402560","https://openalex.org/W638102703","https://openalex.org/W642361895","https://openalex.org/W650277740","https://openalex.org/W1492631826","https://openalex.org/W1499031548","https://openalex.org/W1516299026","https://openalex.org/W1536715511","https://openalex.org/W1573735038","https://openalex.org/W1587527696","https://openalex.org/W1587816958","https://openalex.org/W1588606306","https://openalex.org/W1631150390","https://openalex.org/W1926450312","https://openalex.org/W1974190424","https://openalex.org/W1974419414","https://openalex.org/W1979461414","https://openalex.org/W1987822861","https://openalex.org/W1988076116","https://openalex.org/W1990914822","https://openalex.org/W1994483218","https://openalex.org/W1996024731","https://openalex.org/W1998436646","https://openalex.org/W2001198055","https://openalex.org/W2007522315","https://openalex.org/W2010634526","https://openalex.org/W2010747514","https://openalex.org/W2032382473","https://openalex.org/W2033760382","https://openalex.org/W2043382071","https://openalex.org/W2058876243","https://openalex.org/W2061174652","https://openalex.org/W2070226495","https://openalex.org/W2073173767","https://openalex.org/W2076529243","https://openalex.org/W2079185305","https://openalex.org/W2087393169","https://openalex.org/W2095507256","https://openalex.org/W2097355889","https://openalex.org/W2098605272","https://openalex.org/W2102492557","https://openalex.org/W2106956289","https://openalex.org/W2117735259","https://openalex.org/W2118676920","https://openalex.org/W2129833599","https://openalex.org/W2132169512","https://openalex.org/W2133492048","https://openalex.org/W2134554618","https://openalex.org/W2135107333","https://openalex.org/W2142816736","https://openalex.org/W2144014423","https://openalex.org/W2146164776","https://openalex.org/W2146411203","https://openalex.org/W2148084882","https://openalex.org/W2148685658","https://openalex.org/W2156830985","https://openalex.org/W2157199617","https://openalex.org/W2159199196","https://openalex.org/W2159474292","https://openalex.org/W2169074334","https://openalex.org/W2183501680","https://openalex.org/W2275211460","https://openalex.org/W2276635028","https://openalex.org/W2313891340","https://openalex.org/W2320816358","https://openalex.org/W2345252744","https://openalex.org/W2464263178","https://openalex.org/W2475371515","https://openalex.org/W2481029426","https://openalex.org/W2525817723","https://openalex.org/W2752384816","https://openalex.org/W2792694298","https://openalex.org/W2892380133","https://openalex.org/W2896607526","https://openalex.org/W2903096375","https://openalex.org/W2907021539","https://openalex.org/W2911823602","https://openalex.org/W2923870709","https://openalex.org/W2978195003","https://openalex.org/W3123408763","https://openalex.org/W3124124240","https://openalex.org/W3125589405","https://openalex.org/W3141946962","https://openalex.org/W4206277760","https://openalex.org/W4211036401","https://openalex.org/W4214499209","https://openalex.org/W4229787288","https://openalex.org/W4231059206","https://openalex.org/W4233694199","https://openalex.org/W4235122337","https://openalex.org/W4236695168","https://openalex.org/W4237517685","https://openalex.org/W4237661415","https://openalex.org/W4241967138","https://openalex.org/W4242487146","https://openalex.org/W4245197197","https://openalex.org/W4246103891","https://openalex.org/W4250104054","https://openalex.org/W4251973427","https://openalex.org/W4256345063","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299561666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2261090190","https://openalex.org/W7033373342","https://openalex.org/W1491096988","https://openalex.org/W235032887","https://openalex.org/W7009670130","https://openalex.org/W601097945","https://openalex.org/W2266424956","https://openalex.org/W2184931451","https://openalex.org/W1487665418","https://openalex.org/W6991626056"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,16,29],"test":[1],"two":[2,21],"sets":[3],"of":[4,11,20],"alternative":[5],"hypotheses":[6],"about":[7],"the":[8,12,26,35,38,47,64,92],"demographic":[9],"composition":[10],"U.S.":[13,39],"armed":[14],"forces.":[15],"analyse":[17],"individual-level":[18],"data":[19],"national":[22],"representative":[23],"samples":[24],"covering":[25],"period":[27],"1979\u20132008.":[28],"find":[30],"that,":[31],"in":[32,63],"contrast":[33],"to":[34,60],"accepted":[36],"wisdom,":[37],"military":[40,86],"no":[41],"longer":[42],"primarily":[43],"recruits":[44],"individuals":[45],"from":[46],"most":[48],"disadvantaged":[49],"socio-economic":[50],"backgrounds.":[51],"Technological,":[52],"tactical,":[53],"operational":[54],"and":[55,78],"doctrinal":[56],"changes":[57],"have":[58],"led":[59],"a":[61,69],"change":[62],"demand":[65],"for":[66],"personnel.":[67],"As":[68],"result,":[70],"on":[71,89],"different":[72],"metrics":[73],"such":[74],"as":[75,81,83],"family":[76,79],"income":[77],"wealth":[80],"well":[82],"cognitive":[84],"abilities,":[85],"personnel":[87],"are":[88],"average":[90,93],"like":[91],"American":[94],"citizen":[95],"or":[96],"slightly":[97],"better.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-02-07T00:00:00"}