{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004133953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions Growth in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Determinants","display_name":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions Growth in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Determinants","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004133953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","mag":"3004133953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su12031012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1012/pdf?version=1581068707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1012/pdf?version=1581068707","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066435833","display_name":"Mariano Gonz\u00e1lez S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-9478","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-9478"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariano Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finance and Accounting, Business Economics and Accounting Department, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 11, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-9478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finance and Accounting, Business Economics and Accounting Department, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey, 11, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035926094","display_name":"Juan Luis Mart\u00edn-Ortega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-2020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-2020"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118091203","display_name":"Universidad San Pablo CEU","ror":"https://ror.org/00tvate34","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118091203","https://openalex.org/I2801318690"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Luis Mart\u00edn-Ortega","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEINDO-CEU International Doctoral School, Law and Economics Program, Julian Romea 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEINDO-CEU International Doctoral School, Law and Economics Program, Julian Romea 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118091203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035926094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118091203"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1901},"fwci":5.989,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96458664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"1012","last_page":"1012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-domestic-product","display_name":"gross domestic product","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-prices","display_name":"energy prices","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"renewable energy","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-mix","display_name":"fuel mix","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-intensity","display_name":"carbon intensity","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eurozone-countries","display_name":"Eurozone countries","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/country-level-heterogeneity","display_name":"country-level heterogeneity","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-climate-policy","display_name":"European climate policy","score":0.6819999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.9354745149612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5704267024993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5689098238945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5567142367362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.548182487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.4743952751159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54725983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337914","display_name":"Emission intensity","level":3,"score":0.4382472336292267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4178485572338104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40034568309783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3401850163936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12542110681533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09983426332473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su12031012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1012/pdf?version=1581068707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:bibliuned:DptoEEC-FCEE-Articulos-Mgonzalez-0011","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoEEC-FCEE-Articulos-Mgonzalez-0011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737644977","display_name":"Espacio Tiempo y Forma Serie I Prehistoria y Arqueolog\u00eda","issn_l":"1131-7698","issn":["1131-7698","2340-1354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","doaj","erih-plus","latindex","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321040","host_organization_name":"National University of Distance Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321040"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National University of Distance Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability 2020, 12(3), 1012","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-spacio.uned.es:20.500.14468/11903","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/11903","pdf_url":"https://e-spacio.uned.es/bitstreams/0e17b8af-9be5-4b9d-82db-a00bb0d2d9e5/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055166","display_name":"UNED repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:3:p:1012-:d:314781","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1012/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34c8e8db8f83438a99d7e76c172a5322","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34c8e8db8f83438a99d7e76c172a5322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 3, p 1012 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su12031012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1012/pdf?version=1581068707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004133953.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004133953.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1017055896","https://openalex.org/W1502587110","https://openalex.org/W1553296991","https://openalex.org/W1990739564","https://openalex.org/W2004790516","https://openalex.org/W2020032525","https://openalex.org/W2025350261","https://openalex.org/W2071345715","https://openalex.org/W2098309650","https://openalex.org/W2107706790","https://openalex.org/W2182182736","https://openalex.org/W2184166007","https://openalex.org/W2213314318","https://openalex.org/W2250987038","https://openalex.org/W2288526732","https://openalex.org/W2289494513","https://openalex.org/W2295744108","https://openalex.org/W2554558772","https://openalex.org/W2560169382","https://openalex.org/W2580796496","https://openalex.org/W2588591161","https://openalex.org/W2602027188","https://openalex.org/W2603062404","https://openalex.org/W2731780978","https://openalex.org/W2734438178","https://openalex.org/W2765374364","https://openalex.org/W2776156518","https://openalex.org/W2777596308","https://openalex.org/W2785022595","https://openalex.org/W2899886032","https://openalex.org/W2918142502","https://openalex.org/W2950468811","https://openalex.org/W2985012210","https://openalex.org/W3216928223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410304618","https://openalex.org/W7007905157","https://openalex.org/W7170200567","https://openalex.org/W3106023230","https://openalex.org/W2909243276","https://openalex.org/W7127053394","https://openalex.org/W7116680514","https://openalex.org/W4225375043","https://openalex.org/W1541546087","https://openalex.org/W7154943374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,22,52,57,60,66,95,108,112,126,130,149,164,171,191],"underlying":[2],"reasons":[3],"for":[4,15,107,111,129,148],"greenhouse":[5],"gas":[6],"(GHG)":[7],"emissions":[8,28,134],"trends":[9],"in":[10,38,135,196],"different":[11,161],"countries":[12,37],"is":[13],"fundamental":[14],"climate":[16],"change":[17],"mitigation.":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"identifies":[21,79],"main":[23,113,127,172],"determinants":[24,64,84,98,173],"that":[25,70,119,179],"affect":[26],"GHG":[27,86,133,175],"growth":[29,177],"and":[30,34,46,65,93,102,121,143,154],"assesses":[31],"their":[32],"impact":[33,169],"differences":[35],"among":[36],"Europe.":[39,136,197],"Previous":[40],"studies":[41],"have":[42],"produced":[43],"inconclusive":[44],"results":[45,145],"presented":[47],"several":[48],"limitations,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51],"lack":[53],"of":[54,56,63,68,83,85,97,132,170,174,183,193],"quality":[55],"data":[58,101],"used,":[59],"reduced":[61],"identification":[62],"use":[67],"methods":[69],"did":[71],"not":[72,141],"enable":[73],"hypothesis":[74],"testing.":[75],"Conversely,":[76],"this":[77],"research":[78],"an":[80,89],"extended":[81],"list":[82],"emissions,":[87],"performs":[88],"in-depth":[90],"statistical":[91],"analysis":[92],"contrasts":[94],"significance":[96],"using":[99],"panel":[100],"multiple":[103],"linear":[104],"regression":[105],"models":[106],"period":[109],"1990\u20132017":[110],"Eurozone":[114],"countries.":[115],"The":[116,167],"study":[117],"found":[118,147],"GDP":[120],"final":[122],"energy":[123,138],"intensity":[124,156],"are":[125,140,146],"drivers":[128],"reduction":[131],"Furthermore,":[137],"prices":[139],"significant":[142],"heterogeneous":[144],"renewable":[150],"energy,":[151],"fuel":[152],"mix":[153],"carbon":[155],"determinants,":[157],"pointing":[158],"to":[159],"a":[160,180],"behavior":[162],"at":[163,186],"country":[165,187],"level.":[166],"uneven":[168],"emission":[176],"suggest":[178],"differentiated":[181],"application":[182],"European":[184],"policies":[185],"level":[188],"will":[189],"enhance":[190],"efficiency":[192],"mitigation":[194],"efforts":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-02-07T00:00:00"}
