{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003186273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","title":"Gold, farms, and forests: Enforcement and alternative livelihoods are unlikely to disincentivize informal gold mining","display_name":"Gold, farms, and forests: Enforcement and alternative livelihoods are unlikely to disincentivize informal gold mining","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003186273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","mag":"3003186273"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/csp2.142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","pdf_url":"https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/csp2.142","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240746","display_name":"Conservation Science and Practice","issn_l":"2578-4854","issn":["2578-4854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316685","host_organization_name":"Society for Conservation Biology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316685"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Conservation Biology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conservation Science and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/csp2.142","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036980958","display_name":"Graham W. Prescott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-514X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-514X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["CH","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Graham W. Prescott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern  Bern Switzerland","Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-514X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern  Bern Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003180822","display_name":"Aye Chan Maung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-727X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-727X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aye Chan Maung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Research Institute Yezin, Zayarthiri Township  Naypyitaw Myanmar","Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Zayarthiri Township, Naypyitaw, Myanmar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-727X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute Yezin, Zayarthiri Township  Naypyitaw Myanmar","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Zayarthiri Township, Naypyitaw, Myanmar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046028006","display_name":"Zinmar Aung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zinmar Aung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063875625","display_name":"L. Rom\u00e1n Carrasco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-1473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-1473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Roman Carrasco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-1473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046509933","display_name":"Jose Don T. De Alban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-5786","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-5786"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Don T. De Alban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-5786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034323515","display_name":"Alex N. Diment","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-8762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-8762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332460256","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation Society","ror":"https://ror.org/01xnsst08","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex N. Diment","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Conservation Society Centre for Global Conservation  Bronx New York","Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar","Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre for Global Conservation, Bronx, New York"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-8762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Centre for Global Conservation  Bronx New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre for Global Conservation, Bronx, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aye Ko Ko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aye Ko Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018705599","display_name":"Madhu Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-4073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-4073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332460256","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation Society","ror":"https://ror.org/01xnsst08","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhu Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","Wildlife Conservation Society Centre for Global Conservation  Bronx New York","Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre for Global Conservation, Bronx, New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Centre for Global Conservation  Bronx New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre for Global Conservation, Bronx, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074766490","display_name":"Dietrich Schmidt\u2010Vogt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietrich Schmidt\u2010Vogt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Freiburg University  Freiburg Germany","Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Freiburg University  Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037196519","display_name":"Yi Monn Soe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Monn Soe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar  Yangon Myanmar","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008585351","display_name":"Edward Layman Webb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-9955","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-9955"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward L. Webb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008585351","https://openalex.org/A5036980958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535","https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9111,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73206254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11933","display_name":"Mining and Resource Management","score":0.8848000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11933","display_name":"Mining and Resource Management","score":0.8848000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.1103999987244606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-gold-mining","display_name":"informal gold mining","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deforestation","display_name":"deforestation","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mercury-emissions","display_name":"mercury emissions","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement-effectiveness","display_name":"enforcement effectiveness","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-livelihoods","display_name":"alternative livelihoods","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-migrants","display_name":"economic migrants","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-payments","display_name":"informal payments","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-myanmar","display_name":"northern Myanmar","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-regulation","display_name":"mining regulation","score":0.49300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.9292907118797302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7474383115768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071389","display_name":"Gold mining","level":2,"score":0.6491977572441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6103677153587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5477260947227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5093063116073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44568219780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4360140860080719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.41073113679885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2391575276851654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1754418909549713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1434943974018097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/csp2.142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","pdf_url":"https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/csp2.142","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240746","display_name":"Conservation Science and Practice","issn_l":"2578-4854","issn":["2578-4854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316685","host_organization_name":"Society for Conservation Biology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316685"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Conservation Biology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conservation Science and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48350/160592","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/54027","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boris.unibe.ch:160592","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/160592/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401086","display_name":"Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","host_organization_name":"University of Bern","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Prescott, Graham W.; Maung, Aye Chan; Aung, Zinmar; Carrasco, L. Roman; De Alban, Jose Don T.; Diment, Alex N.; Ko, Aye Ko; Rao, Madhu; Schmidt\u2010Vogt, Dietrich; Soe, Yi Monn; Webb, Edward L. (2020). Gold, farms, and forests: Enforcement and alternative livelihoods are unlikely to disincentivize informal gold mining. Conservation science and practice, 2(3), e142. Wiley 10.1111/csp2.142 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142>","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f80a079b12cc4b31a538c0edd98aa755","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f80a079b12cc4b31a538c0edd98aa755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Conservation Science and Practice, Vol 2, Iss 3, Pp n/a-n/a (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48350/160592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48350/160592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48350/160592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053152","display_name":"Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/csp2.142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.142","pdf_url":"https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/csp2.142","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240746","display_name":"Conservation Science and Practice","issn_l":"2578-4854","issn":["2578-4854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316685","host_organization_name":"Society for Conservation Biology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316685"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Conservation Biology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conservation Science and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.8518999814987183,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.41670000553131104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G144197789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2015\u2010T2\u2010131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311649","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311649","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/036nq5137"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3003186273.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3003186273.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561960676","https://openalex.org/W1570585741","https://openalex.org/W1581759283","https://openalex.org/W1879790194","https://openalex.org/W1899826758","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1966746644","https://openalex.org/W1978102331","https://openalex.org/W1985478884","https://openalex.org/W1999898269","https://openalex.org/W2003464762","https://openalex.org/W2025175621","https://openalex.org/W2030086020","https://openalex.org/W2042710966","https://openalex.org/W2060345341","https://openalex.org/W2072445642","https://openalex.org/W2077019791","https://openalex.org/W2078686902","https://openalex.org/W2085905462","https://openalex.org/W2106669072","https://openalex.org/W2117746920","https://openalex.org/W2118281942","https://openalex.org/W2146960141","https://openalex.org/W2153638583","https://openalex.org/W2205302489","https://openalex.org/W2309413242","https://openalex.org/W2330880431","https://openalex.org/W2334971500","https://openalex.org/W2547796326","https://openalex.org/W2592302823","https://openalex.org/W2594811807","https://openalex.org/W2609858144","https://openalex.org/W2614183691","https://openalex.org/W2753423014","https://openalex.org/W2761741762","https://openalex.org/W2766634730","https://openalex.org/W2769571057","https://openalex.org/W2769794444","https://openalex.org/W2792587145","https://openalex.org/W2799994346","https://openalex.org/W2952757700","https://openalex.org/W2966106886","https://openalex.org/W4399576166"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382919129","https://openalex.org/W2377896067","https://openalex.org/W4210454931","https://openalex.org/W2389517370","https://openalex.org/W2379818482","https://openalex.org/W4312334307","https://openalex.org/W4381570820","https://openalex.org/W122204069","https://openalex.org/W3157693340","https://openalex.org/W2127372218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Informal":[1],"gold":[2,221,243],"mining":[3,66,72,171,183],"(IGM)":[4],"is":[5,203],"a":[6,157],"major":[7],"driver":[8],"of":[9,13,25,40,90,115,161,165,195,215,229],"deforestation":[10],"and":[11,38,55,73,87,155,212,223,233],"source":[12],"global":[14],"mercury":[15],"emissions.":[16],"Policy":[17],"makers":[18],"may":[19,133],"seek":[20],"to":[21,45,58,109,118,130,137,180,198,206,218,225,240],"control":[22],"the":[23,36,49,91,104,193,204,213,226],"spread":[24],"IGM":[26,41],"by":[27,103,190],"enforcing":[28],"rules":[29],"and/or":[30,67],"providing":[31],"alternative":[32,53,234],"livelihoods.":[33],"We":[34,60,69,147],"investigated":[35],"dynamics":[37],"drivers":[39],"in":[42,192],"northern":[43],"Myanmar":[44],"shed":[46],"light":[47],"on":[48,99],"conditions":[50],"needed":[51],"for":[52,78],"livelihood":[54,85,235],"enforcement":[56,151,166,210,216,232],"interventions":[57,97,127],"succeed.":[59],"surveyed":[61],"226":[62],"respondents":[63,80],"who":[64],"practiced":[65],"farming.":[68],"found":[70],"that":[71,88,125,149,156,209,231],"agriculture":[74],"provided":[75],"complementary":[76],"livelihoods":[77],"many":[79,89],"as":[81],"they":[82],"met":[83],"different":[84,121],"needs,":[86],"miners":[92,117],"were":[93,153],"economic":[94,122],"migrants.":[95,146],"Livelihood\u2010based":[96],"based":[98],"agriculture/plantations\u2014as":[100],"currently":[101],"planned":[102],"regional":[105],"government\u2014are":[106],"thus":[107],"unlikely":[108,129,239],"provide":[110],"true":[111],"substitutes.":[112],"The":[113],"willingness":[114],"migrant":[116],"move":[119],"under":[120],"circumstances":[123],"suggests":[124],"livelihood\u2010based":[126],"are":[128,238],"scale":[131],"well\u2014mining":[132],"simply":[134],"be":[135,178],"displaced":[136],"other":[138],"regions,":[139],"or":[140,173],"new":[141],"migrants":[142],"might":[143],"replace":[144],"old":[145],"estimated":[148],"current":[150],"efforts":[152],"insufficient":[154],"much":[158],"higher":[159],"level":[160,214],"enforcement\u2014either":[162],"constant":[163],"presence":[164],"officials":[167],"at":[168],"each":[169],"informal":[170,182,196,220,242],"site,":[172],"confiscating":[174],"equipment":[175],"every":[176],"month\u2014would":[177],"required":[179,217],"make":[181],"unprofitable.":[184],"Enforcement":[185],"effectiveness":[186],"was":[187],"further":[188],"undermined":[189],"corruption":[191],"guise":[194],"payments":[197],"local":[199],"authorities.":[200],"Our":[201],"study":[202],"first":[205],"estimate":[207],"costs":[208],"imposes":[211],"deter":[219,241],"mining,":[222],"adds":[224],"growing":[227],"body":[228],"evidence":[230],"approaches":[236],"alone":[237],"mining.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}