{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000953892","doi":null,"title":"The Effects of Policy-Driven Air Quality Improvements on Children's Respiratory Health.","display_name":"The Effects of Policy-Driven Air Quality Improvements on Children's Respiratory Health.","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000953892","mag":"3000953892","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31898879","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7266378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7266378","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7266378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7266378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075398471","display_name":"Frank D. Gilliland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-7269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-7269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Gilliland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109144280","display_name":"Ed Avol","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Avol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047433683","display_name":"Rob McConnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5243-6410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5243-6410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R McConnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077022486","display_name":"Kiros T Berhane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-8493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-8493"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Berhane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113865889","display_name":"W. James Gauderman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W J Gauderman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031098787","display_name":"Fred W. Lurmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-4172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-4172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095563","display_name":"Sonoma Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00khy9f46","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095563"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F W Lurmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057339666","display_name":"Robert Urman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2941-8964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2941-8964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Urman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R Chang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025219604","display_name":"Edward B. Rappaport","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-3515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-3515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E B Rappaport","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086855121","display_name":"Steve Howland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5724-9437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5724-9437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Howland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86335644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"190","first_page":"1","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-policy","display_name":"air quality policy","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-air-pollution","display_name":"ambient air pollution","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-respiratory-health","display_name":"children's respiratory health","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-function","display_name":"lung function","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulate-matter","display_name":"particulate matter","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ozone","display_name":"ozone","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-dioxide","display_name":"nitrogen dioxide","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollutant-emissions","display_name":"air pollutant emissions","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-regulation","display_name":"air pollution regulation","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-health-study","display_name":"Children's Health Study","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california-air-quality","display_name":"California air quality","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-emissions","display_name":"vehicle emissions","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-organic-gases","display_name":"reactive organic gases","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5124948024749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.49627190828323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.4528927206993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3907489478588104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.37223440408706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3367731273174286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32297375798225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32168930768966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31439393758773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24445074796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17040133476257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.14242294430732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.135750412940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.100287526845932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7266378","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7266378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31898879","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31898879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research report (Health Effects Institute)","raw_type":"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"},{"id":"mag:3000953892","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31898879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7266378","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7266378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20104774","https://openalex.org/W196172980","https://openalex.org/W337533846","https://openalex.org/W770714277","https://openalex.org/W1509534034","https://openalex.org/W1525270163","https://openalex.org/W1540795703","https://openalex.org/W1589731888","https://openalex.org/W1716576606","https://openalex.org/W1876486557","https://openalex.org/W1968206168","https://openalex.org/W1972292728","https://openalex.org/W1973071953","https://openalex.org/W1975187245","https://openalex.org/W1976557884","https://openalex.org/W1982901502","https://openalex.org/W1994546967","https://openalex.org/W2001613934","https://openalex.org/W2007845192","https://openalex.org/W2009408048","https://openalex.org/W2009596490","https://openalex.org/W2010953549","https://openalex.org/W2016504119","https://openalex.org/W2018011003","https://openalex.org/W2022070200","https://openalex.org/W2022880621","https://openalex.org/W2026149693","https://openalex.org/W2036213689","https://openalex.org/W2045386774","https://openalex.org/W2045390737","https://openalex.org/W2049187457","https://openalex.org/W2055847217","https://openalex.org/W2058615398","https://openalex.org/W2062975087","https://openalex.org/W2064140376","https://openalex.org/W2064604815","https://openalex.org/W2066168118","https://openalex.org/W2070398014","https://openalex.org/W2071313682","https://openalex.org/W2072036593","https://openalex.org/W2077073268","https://openalex.org/W2079739210","https://openalex.org/W2088902910","https://openalex.org/W2090210927","https://openalex.org/W2093161332","https://openalex.org/W2094354458","https://openalex.org/W2095995422","https://openalex.org/W2097723730","https://openalex.org/W2100392781","https://openalex.org/W2102042448","https://openalex.org/W2105517096","https://openalex.org/W2109945923","https://openalex.org/W2113912428","https://openalex.org/W2119499833","https://openalex.org/W2119812316","https://openalex.org/W2122728812","https://openalex.org/W2123980735","https://openalex.org/W2124730705","https://openalex.org/W2125078269","https://openalex.org/W2132279208","https://openalex.org/W2134151654","https://openalex.org/W2135517778","https://openalex.org/W2137194992","https://openalex.org/W2137653561","https://openalex.org/W2139700690","https://openalex.org/W2148099625","https://openalex.org/W2149532249","https://openalex.org/W2150751323","https://openalex.org/W2153147331","https://openalex.org/W2154704691","https://openalex.org/W2157043675","https://openalex.org/W2160056887","https://openalex.org/W2163929374","https://openalex.org/W2164234383","https://openalex.org/W2165677580","https://openalex.org/W2166544499","https://openalex.org/W2168315832","https://openalex.org/W2169606220","https://openalex.org/W2188803338","https://openalex.org/W2209260785","https://openalex.org/W2259175848","https://openalex.org/W2329577636","https://openalex.org/W2333260056","https://openalex.org/W2336576252","https://openalex.org/W2342547892","https://openalex.org/W2412565701","https://openalex.org/W2419292529","https://openalex.org/W2502521104","https://openalex.org/W2522353754","https://openalex.org/W2594753524","https://openalex.org/W2604596332","https://openalex.org/W2804108711","https://openalex.org/W4239132509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160056887","https://openalex.org/W2335983344","https://openalex.org/W164076289","https://openalex.org/W2138759959","https://openalex.org/W184006771","https://openalex.org/W4408322275","https://openalex.org/W2336576252","https://openalex.org/W2012403965","https://openalex.org/W4285556273","https://openalex.org/W1606621299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Ambient":[1],"air":[2,31,47,61,120,132,237,286,542,636,739,747,765,793,839,849],"pollution":[3,32,48,121,287],"causes":[4],"substantial":[5,43,728],"morbidity":[6],"and":[7,13,36,83,134,150,170,204,284,324,330,340,346,378,392,417,444,504,531,539,560,594,642,698,727,737,741,745,767,818,832,863],"mortality":[8],"in":[9,45,55,79,85,119,130,138,233,277,310,318,351,390,396,415,419,438,453,463,475,490,502,519,534,544,556,573,600,616,672,730,743,753,764,782,792,807,815,820,823,861],"the":[10,58,95,114,155,166,176,189,192,205,221,241,247,259,272,336,352,358,409,423,439,456,476,479,496,520,526,545,617,629,650,662,676,703,708,717,836,845],"United":[11],"States":[12],"worldwide.":[14],"To":[15,153],"reduce":[16,29,659],"this":[17],"burden":[18],"of":[19,26,60,103,116,142,158,191,207,214,223,262,281,338,354,366,422,455,495,529,587,602,632,644,654,666,678,775,838,847,856],"adverse":[20],"health":[21,87,106,195,673,785,806,811,860],"effects,":[22],"a":[23,65,100,109,211,290,386,393,491,772,824],"broad":[24,212,773],"array":[25,774],"strategies":[27,705],"to":[28,41,112,255,270,298,435,450,472,484,487,513,569,578,658,688,694,702,724,828,835],"ambient":[30,46,80,131,285,541],"has":[33,51,63],"been":[34,52,64,90],"developed":[35],"applied":[37,254],"over":[38,188,240,408],"past":[39],"decades":[40],"achieve":[42],"reductions":[44,118,383,414,586,599,733,814],"levels.":[49],"This":[50,757],"especially":[53],"true":[54],"California,":[56],"where":[57],"improvement":[59],"quality":[62,133,218,406,637,748,766],"major":[66],"focus":[67],"for":[68,175,220,305,364,370,376,380,583,585,628],"more":[69],"than":[70],"50":[71],"years.":[72],"Direct":[73],"links":[74],"between":[75,274],"regulatory":[76,331,342,645,777,799,850],"policies,":[77],"changes":[78,129,276,671],"pollutant":[81],"concentrations,":[82],"improvements":[84,572,742,752,763,791,819],"public":[86,784],"have":[88,780],"not":[89],"extensively":[91],"documented.":[92],"Data":[93],"from":[94,227,335,469,685,691,699],"Children's":[96],"Health":[97],"Study":[98],"(CHS),":[99],"multiyear":[101,762],"study":[102,186,243,758,788],"children's":[104,123,143,194],"respiratory":[105,144,215,754,805,810,816,859],"development,":[107,279],"offered":[108],"unique":[110],"opportunity":[111],"evaluate":[113],"effects":[115,837],"long-term":[117],"on":[122],"health.":[124,755],"METHODS:":[125],"We":[126,565],"assessed":[127,269],"whether":[128],"emissions":[135,683],"were":[136,163,225,253,302,333,516,550,576,605,749],"reflected":[137],"three":[139,260],"important":[140],"indices":[141],"health:":[145],"lung-function":[146,148,178,202,278,574,618,821],"growth,":[147],"level,":[149],"bronchitic":[151,180,282,603],"symptoms.":[152,216],"make":[154],"best":[156],"use":[157],"available":[159,174],"data,":[160],"these":[161,611],"analyses":[162],"performed":[164,303],"across":[165,258],"longest":[167],"chronological":[168],"period":[169,295,360],"largest":[171],"CHS":[172,424,521],"population":[173,391,825],"respective":[177],"or":[179],"symptoms":[181,604,633,817],"data":[182,219,257,266,329],"sets.":[183],"During":[184],"field":[185],"operations":[187],"course":[190],"CHS,":[193],"status":[196],"was":[197,268],"documented":[198],"annually":[199],"by":[200,362,430,445,797,866],"testing":[201],"performance":[203],"completion":[206],"standardized":[208],"questionnaires":[209],"covering":[210],"range":[213],"Air":[217,405,714],"periods":[222,653],"interest":[224],"obtained":[226],"community":[228,442,477,492],"monitoring":[229,238],"stations,":[230],"which":[231],"operated":[232],"collaboration":[234],"with":[235,413,478,493,547,553,635,669,751,803],"regional":[236,341,738,746],"networks":[239],"20-year":[242,248,359],"time":[244,403,411],"frame.":[245,404],"Over":[246],"sampling":[249],"period,":[250],"common":[251],"protocols":[252],"collect":[256],"cohorts":[261],"children.":[263,614,808],"Each":[264],"cohort's":[265],"set":[267],"investigate":[271],"relationship":[273],"temporal":[275,579,625,664],"prevalence":[280,601],"symptoms,":[283],"concentrations":[288,467,498,543],"during":[289,357,401,507],"similar,":[291],"vulnerable":[292,834],"adolescent":[293],"growth":[294],"(age":[296],"11":[297],"15":[299,473,609],"years).":[300],"Analyses":[301],"separately":[304],"particulate":[306,314],"matter":[307,315],"\u226410":[308],"\u00b5m":[309,317],"aerodynamic":[311,319],"diameter":[312,320],"(PM\u2081\u2080),":[313],"\u22642.5":[316],"(PM\u2082.\u2085),":[321],"ozone":[322],"(O\u2083),":[323],"nitrogen":[325,367],"dioxide":[326],"(NO\u2082).":[327],"Emissions":[328,350],"policies":[332,668,679],"collected":[334],"staff":[337],"state":[339],"agencies,":[343],"modeling":[344],"estimates,":[345],"archived":[347],"reports.":[348],"RESULTS:":[349],"regions":[353,864],"California":[355],"studied":[356],"decreased":[361,429],"54%":[363,470],"oxides":[365],"(NO\u2093),":[368],"65%":[369],"reactive":[371],"organic":[372],"gases":[373],"(ROG),":[374],"21%":[375],"PM\u2082.\u2085,":[377,538,559],"15%":[379],"PM\u2081\u2080.":[381],"These":[382,732,809],"occurred":[384],"despite":[385],"concurrent":[387],"22%":[388],"increase":[389,395],"38%":[394],"motor":[397,681],"vehicle":[398,682,695],"miles":[399],"driven":[400,770],"that":[402,523,571,624,761,790],"improved":[407,735,783,804,858],"same":[410,612],"frame,":[412],"NO\u2082":[416,428],"PM\u2082.\u2085":[418,466,584],"virtually":[420],"all":[421,722],"communities.":[425],"Annual":[426],"average":[427,465,536],"about":[431,446,796],"53%":[432],"(from":[433,448],"~41":[434],"19":[436],"ppb)":[437,452],"highest":[440,480,527],"NO\u2082-reporting":[441,458],"(Upland)":[443],"28%":[447],"~10":[449],"7":[451],"one":[454,494],"lowest":[457,497],"communities":[459,522,546,862],"(Santa":[460,499],"Maria).":[461,500],"Reductions":[462],"annual":[464,535],"ranged":[468],"(~33":[471],"\u00b5g/m\u00b3)":[474,489],"concentration":[481],"(Mira":[482],"Loma)":[483],"13%":[485],"(~9":[486],"8":[488],"Improvements":[501],"PM\u2081\u2080":[503,540,561],"O\u2083":[505],"(measured":[506],"eight":[508],"daytime":[509],"hours,":[510],"10":[511],"AM":[512],"6":[514],"PM)":[515],"most":[517],"evident":[518],"initially":[524],"had":[525],"levels":[528,549],"PM":[530],"O\u2083.":[532],"Trends":[533],"NO\u2082,":[537],"higher-pollution":[548],"generally":[551],"consistent":[552],"observed":[554,606,630],"trends":[555],"NO\u2093,":[557],"ROG,":[558],"emissions.":[562,731],"<":[563,581],"0.005).":[564],"found":[566,621],"little":[567,622],"evidence":[568,623,760],"suggest":[570],"development":[575,822],"attributable":[577],"confounding.":[580],"0.01)":[582],"4.9":[588],"ppb,":[589,591],"3.6":[590],"5.8":[592],"\u00b5g/m\u00b3,":[593,596],"6.8":[595],"respectively.":[597],"Similar":[598],"at":[607,830],"age":[608],"among":[610],"asthmatic":[613],"As":[615],"analyses,":[619],"we":[620],"confounding":[626],"accounted":[627],"associations":[631],"reduction":[634,729],"improvement.":[638],"The":[639],"large":[640],"number":[641],"breadth":[643],"activities,":[646],"as":[647,649,852],"well":[648],"prolonged":[651],"phase-in":[652],"several":[655],"policy":[656,778],"approaches":[657],"emissions,":[660,768],"precluded":[661],"close":[663],"linkage":[665],"specific":[667,670],"status.":[674],"However,":[675],"combination":[677],"addressing":[680],"-":[684,721],"on-board":[686],"diagnostics":[687],"emission":[689],"controls,":[690],"low-sulfur":[692],"fuels":[693],"smog-check":[696],"recertification,":[697],"re-formulated":[700],"gasoline":[701],"various":[704],"contained":[706],"within":[707],"San":[709],"Pedro":[710],"Bay":[711],"Ports":[712],"Clean":[713,718],"Plan":[715],"(especially":[716],"Truck":[719],"Program)":[720],"contributed":[723],"an":[725,853],"impressive":[726],"collectively":[734],"local":[736,744],"quality,":[740,794],"associated":[750,802],"CONCLUSIONS:":[756],"provides":[759],"primarily":[769],"through":[771],"science-based":[776,798],"initiatives,":[779],"resulted":[781],"outcomes.":[786],"Our":[787,841],"demonstrates":[789],"brought":[795],"actions,":[800],"are":[801],"metrics":[812],"include":[813],"widely":[826],"accepted":[827],"be":[829],"risk":[831],"highly":[833],"pollution.":[840,868],"research":[842],"findings":[843],"underscore":[844],"importance":[846],"sustained":[848],"efforts":[851],"effective":[854],"means":[855],"achieving":[857],"affected":[865],"airborne":[867]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00"}
