{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000782855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","title":"Soil moisture distribution under trickle irrigation: a review","display_name":"Soil moisture distribution under trickle irrigation: a review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000782855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","mag":"3000782855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/ws.2020.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","pdf_url":"https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/20/3/761/765072/ws020030761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124453322","display_name":"Water Science & Technology Water Supply","issn_l":"1606-9749","issn":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W3000782855"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/20/3/761/765072/ws020030761.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038942670","display_name":"Arpna Bajpai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899646","display_name":"Punjab Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qbzdk74","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899646"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arpna Bajpai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899646"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103187929","display_name":"Arun Kaushal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-9383","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-9383"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899646","display_name":"Punjab Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qbzdk74","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899646"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arun Kaushal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038942670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9811,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93063204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"761","last_page":"772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12710","display_name":"Engineering and Agricultural Innovations","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture-distribution","display_name":"soil moisture distribution","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drip-irrigation","display_name":"drip irrigation","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetting-pattern","display_name":"wetting pattern","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emitter-spacing","display_name":"emitter spacing","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emitter-discharge-rate","display_name":"emitter discharge rate","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-frequency","display_name":"irrigation frequency","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-texture","display_name":"soil texture","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-structure","display_name":"soil structure","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-use-efficiency","display_name":"water use efficiency","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsurface-drip-irrigation","display_name":"subsurface drip irrigation","score":0.7799999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152453397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746694","display_name":"Drip irrigation","level":3,"score":0.9352299571037292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.7712612152099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779317670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7671345","display_name":"TRICKLE","level":2,"score":0.7339750528335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6844854354858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.5868035554885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.5492234230041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.4830546975135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.4586084485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41478065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645983","display_name":"Surface irrigation","level":3,"score":0.4281498193740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134514944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817136","display_name":"Wetting","level":2,"score":0.4131917953491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3961370587348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.29765453934669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15028557181358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12375599145889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11160621047019958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07995161414146423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.054973602294921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2166/ws.2020.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","pdf_url":"https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/20/3/761/765072/ws020030761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124453322","display_name":"Water Science & Technology Water Supply","issn_l":"1606-9749","issn":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/ws.2020.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.005","pdf_url":"https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/20/3/761/765072/ws020030761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124453322","display_name":"Water Science & Technology Water Supply","issn_l":"1606-9749","issn":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Supply","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6735000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000782855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000782855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832744282","https://openalex.org/W1847357151","https://openalex.org/W1865643940","https://openalex.org/W1965823539","https://openalex.org/W1971876722","https://openalex.org/W1987534997","https://openalex.org/W1997160660","https://openalex.org/W2004496484","https://openalex.org/W2005410062","https://openalex.org/W2012907719","https://openalex.org/W2016269393","https://openalex.org/W2025751445","https://openalex.org/W2032800517","https://openalex.org/W2047031630","https://openalex.org/W2054425087","https://openalex.org/W2056357777","https://openalex.org/W2059474205","https://openalex.org/W2065488353","https://openalex.org/W2069976799","https://openalex.org/W2071352654","https://openalex.org/W2080683274","https://openalex.org/W2084185610","https://openalex.org/W2085699412","https://openalex.org/W2091551207","https://openalex.org/W2095301476","https://openalex.org/W2104579677","https://openalex.org/W2124445692","https://openalex.org/W2134447962","https://openalex.org/W2160991302","https://openalex.org/W2161812408","https://openalex.org/W2166330495","https://openalex.org/W2170656307","https://openalex.org/W2183433946","https://openalex.org/W2183685375","https://openalex.org/W2183912845","https://openalex.org/W2186602832","https://openalex.org/W2219993812","https://openalex.org/W2259956280","https://openalex.org/W2286474753","https://openalex.org/W2293995078","https://openalex.org/W2309578157","https://openalex.org/W2323755844","https://openalex.org/W2345894533","https://openalex.org/W2428622782","https://openalex.org/W2557729358","https://openalex.org/W2586223559","https://openalex.org/W2594381768","https://openalex.org/W2596915996","https://openalex.org/W2604558836","https://openalex.org/W2626867903","https://openalex.org/W2735091920","https://openalex.org/W2768108889","https://openalex.org/W2770887005","https://openalex.org/W2802346595","https://openalex.org/W2805781159","https://openalex.org/W2969699903","https://openalex.org/W2995642986","https://openalex.org/W3047269677","https://openalex.org/W3175153623","https://openalex.org/W3185312547","https://openalex.org/W3198468032","https://openalex.org/W4236090682","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4385846260","https://openalex.org/W7130653854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033561577","https://openalex.org/W2268489251","https://openalex.org/W119517739","https://openalex.org/W4408072167","https://openalex.org/W2012642985","https://openalex.org/W3012799526","https://openalex.org/W7218138393","https://openalex.org/W2259956280","https://openalex.org/W4300634340","https://openalex.org/W1965823539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,38,141,164],"wetting":[2],"pattern":[3],"of":[4,29,40,51,144,167,193],"soil":[5,13,41,85,95,102,168],"under":[6,83,176],"trickle":[7,30,81],"(drip)":[8],"irrigation":[9,24,31,46,82,120,183],"is":[10],"governed":[11],"by":[12,106],"texture,":[14],"structure,":[15],"initial":[16],"water":[17,52,135,150,161],"content,":[18],"emitter":[19,70,72],"spacing,":[20,69,71,126],"discharge":[21,73],"rate":[22],"and":[23,75,98,138],"frequency.":[25],"For":[26],"efficient":[27],"management":[28],"moisture":[32,64,96,130,145,169,196],"distribution":[33,65,97,131],"plays":[34],"an":[35,45],"important":[36],"role.":[37],"degree":[39],"wetted":[42],"volume":[43],"in":[44,62],"system":[47],"determines":[48],"the":[49,56,89,101,107,113,122,124,127,129,154,173],"amount":[50],"required":[53],"to":[54,197],"wet":[55],"root":[57],"zone.":[58],"This":[59,91],"article":[60],"helps":[61],"understanding":[63],"for":[66,80],"different":[67],"lateral":[68],"rates":[74],"drip":[76,116,119,182,186],"line":[77],"installation":[78],"depth":[79],"various":[84],"conditions":[86],"all":[87],"over":[88],"world.":[90],"review":[92],"reveals":[93],"that":[94],"uniformity":[99],"within":[100],"profile":[103],"were":[104],"affected":[105],"distance":[108,114],"between":[109,115],"emitters":[110],"rather":[111],"than":[112,172],"lines.":[117],"In":[118],"systems,":[121],"less":[123],"dripper":[125],"greater":[128,147,158,171],"as":[132,134,178,180],"well":[133,179],"use":[136],"efficiency":[137],"crop":[139],"yield.":[140],"radial":[142],"spread":[143,156],"was":[146,157,170],"at":[148,159],"lower":[149],"application":[151,162],"rates,":[152],"whereas":[153],"vertical":[155,165],"higher":[160],"rates.":[163],"movement":[166,175],"horizontal":[174],"surface":[177],"subsurface":[181],"systems.":[184],"Deeper":[185],"tape":[187],"installations":[188],"had":[189],"a":[190],"potential":[191],"risk":[192],"not":[194],"providing":[195],"shallow":[198],"rooted":[199],"crops.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00"}
